Cumulative CO₂ emissions explain most future global warming, assuming sufficient action on non-CO₂.

Distributing a remaining carbon budget of 500GtCO₂ with a linear decline (black) leads to net-zero ~2045.

Depending on short-term action, many net-zero years are possible.

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If emissions decline exponentially, also in the 'Raupach curve', net-zero emissions never occur & the remaining carbon budget is never exceeded. Net-zero is not a necessity, but a modelling outcome.

The 'Raupach curve' is explained here: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105004

2/
Most scenarios are based on cost-optimisation to a 2100 target, which means the temperature can peak & decline, overshooting the 2100 target before returning to it by 2100.

These scenarios are where the net-zero ~2050 come from (2059 in this figure).

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Scenarios have been performative & force us to think about net-zero in a particular way.

There are scenarios that don't reach net-zero CO₂ emissions until after 2100, but we only hear about the medians, which are scenarios based on 2100 targets & allowing overshoot.

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