Thread by @BelavySpine, Can #exercise “strengthen” the intervertebral disc? A brief history of research from [...]

Can #exercise “strengthen” the intervertebral disc?

A brief history of research from 2013 to 2020:

Review: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0444-2
Cross-section:">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45975
RCT:">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s... http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06379-7">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s...

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#backpain

Can #exercise “strengthen” the intervertebral disc? A brief history of research from 2013 to 2020:Review: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s... https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

First, we did a review of the literature (narrative, not a #systematicreview. This was back in my pre-systematic review days!) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0444-2">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... in @SportsMedicineJ

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙏" title="Gefaltete Hände" aria-label="Emoji: Gefaltete Hände"> @DieenJaap, Kirsten Albracht, Prof. Brüggemann, Dr. Vergroesen

First, we did a review of the literature (narrative, not a #systematicreview. This was back in my pre-systematic review days!) https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... in @SportsMedicineJhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

@DieenJaap, Kirsten Albracht, Prof. Brüggemann, Dr. Vergroesen" title="First, we did a review of the literature (narrative, not a #systematicreview. This was back in my pre-systematic review days!) https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... in @SportsMedicineJhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙏" title="Gefaltete Hände" aria-label="Emoji: Gefaltete Hände"> @DieenJaap, Kirsten Albracht, Prof. Brüggemann, Dr. Vergroesen" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

It has been well established that exercise and loading can impact IVD height. E.g. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198503000-00011">https://doi.org/10.1097/0... https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318260dbc1">https://doi.org/10.1249/m...

So, exercise and movement protocols can at least ‘influence’ the IVD

It has been well established that exercise and loading can impact IVD height. E.g. https://doi.org/10.1097/0... https://doi.org/10.1249/m... So, exercise and movement protocols can at least ‘influence’ the IVD

But what about actual exercise training?
Animal studies showed that exercise can ‘overload’ the IVD e.g. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100110516">https://doi.org/10.1002/j...

However, one study in dogs showed that long-term exercise can improve IVD nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198311000-00009">https://doi.org/10.1097/0...

But what about actual exercise training?Animal studies showed that exercise can ‘overload’ the IVD e.g. https://doi.org/10.1002/j... However, one study in dogs showed that long-term exercise can improve IVD nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1097/0...

Another key study by Prof. Helena Brisby and @DrAshishDiwan showed that 3 weeks of “moderate” treadmill exercise in rats and improved the disc https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181e0f5bc">https://doi.org/10.1097/b...

@K_Sheldrick

In a very nice study, Mike Hangai (Japan Institute of Sports Sciences) and Koji Kaneoka (from @waseda_univ_WUL) showed that college athletes who were swimmers had worse IVDs, but interestingly runners had, on average, better IVDs
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546508323252">https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0...

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤔" title="Denkendes Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Denkendes Gesicht">so, maybe running might be good for the spine

So we ran this study http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45975">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s... in @SciReports

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙏" title="Gefaltete Hände" aria-label="Emoji: Gefaltete Hände"> Matt Quittner, @NickyRidgers, Dr. Ling and Connell @tjrantal

We hypothesized that people who perform regular upright running activity will show better discs

Running exercise strengthens the intervertebral disc

http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45975

Methods:
> cross-sectional study
> people aged 25-35 without a history of spine pathology
> people who, in past five years: ran 20-40km per week (n=30), ran 50+km per week (n=25), who were sedentary (n=24)
> measured “T2” of the IVDs

We found: Runners had ‘better’ intervertebral discs, as shown by longer T2-time in the disc.

This T2-time correlates with water and glyocosaminoglycan content in the IVD https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e318195dd44">https://doi.org/10.1097/b...

Interestingly: total physical activity was NOT associated with disc characteristics

Rather: loading in specific ranges.
The strongest association to higher IVD T2-times were seen between 0.44 and 0.59g.
This corresponds to fast #walking and slow #jogging.

Beyond the composition, there was evidence of disc hypertrophy in the long-distance runners.

The height of the IVD relative to that of the vertebral body, which serves as an internal control for body size, was greater in the long-distance runners

This study provided the first ever cross-sectional evidence in humans that exercise may well favourably impact the IVD

This is nice: but can we actually improve the intervertebral disc with exercise in an interventional study?

So we ran this RCT: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06379-7">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s...

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙏" title="Gefaltete Hände" aria-label="Emoji: Gefaltete Hände"> @stopsbackpain @_clintmiller @PatrickOwenPhD @tjrantal Katherine Simson Drs Connell and Hahne Prof. Trudel

Exercise for the intervertebral disc: a 6-month randomised controlled trial in chronic low back pain

Background context Muscle, bone and tendon respond anabolically to mechanical forces. Whether the intervertebral disc (IVD) can benefit from exercise is unclear. Purpose To examine whether exercise...

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06379-7

Methods: RCT, 40 participants with chronic #backpain, 2 groups, main outcome = IVD T2-time. Powered to detect a ~2% difference between groups.
Exercise: a specially developed #exercise program
Control: no/low-load motor control training and manual therapy

Findings: overall no real differences to speak of in the discs between the group with the targetted exercise program and the control group

There were some differences between groups (favouring exercise) for posterior annulus and higher L5/S1 IVD apparent diffusion coefficients.

But these did not persist after adjusting p-values for false positives.

Overall, the RCT http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06379-7">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s... did not provide evidence that the exercise as performed could have a positive effect on the IVD in people with chronic back pain

Could look at other exercise types (e.g. running), larger volume of exercise, longer follow-up.

Exercise for the intervertebral disc: a 6-month randomised controlled trial in chronic low back pain

Background context Muscle, bone and tendon respond anabolically to mechanical forces. Whether the intervertebral disc (IVD) can benefit from exercise is unclear. Purpose To examine whether exercise...

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06379-7

Summary:

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> exercise could/can & #39;improve& #39; the IVD

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> we found evidence that running exercise is associated with better IVD characteristics

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts">but the very first RCT (in #backpain) was inconclusive

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts">future work could look at different exercise, populations, durations

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙏" title="Gefaltete Hände" aria-label="Emoji: Gefaltete Hände"> to all the collaborators over the years on these and related projects -- not all mentioned above!!
And ESPECIALLY very big

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙏" title="Gefaltete Hände" aria-label="Emoji: Gefaltete Hände"> to the people who took part in the studies

Without you these works would not have happened!

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