Mapping out the U.S.’s concentration camps for Cherokees before starting their chapter of the Trail of Tears:

Mapping the spread of enslavement onto former Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole lands following American seizure/ethnic cleansing:

(These are from: https://wwnorton.com/books/unworthy-republic)

“In the long history of dispossession in North America... the U.S. policy of mass expulsion in the 1830s was a first.”

Three votes—if three votes had been flipped in the House, the U.S.’s Indian Removal Act, the biggest ethnic cleansing campaign in American history, could have gone down in defeat.

Mapping out Trail of Tears cessions in Ohio, eliminating any formal Native ownership in the entire state:

Really interesting map showing dispersion of Indian Removal Act votes in Congress, and how the three-fifths clause allowed the bill to pass:

The U.S.-Creek War should really be better remembered in the litany of American military conquests. (Also the Seminole Wars.)

Mapping out American ethnic cleansing of the Choctaws, their chapter of the Trail of Tears:

(The buried lede in this isn’t just that the Three-Fifths Compromise allowed this ethnic cleansing measure to pass, but that it also opened up massive swaths of new land to slaveholders...thereby increasing their disproportionate representation even more.) https://twitter.com/cjcmichel/status/1320366020197044224?s=20

Here’s Van Buren’s Secretary of War calling for “extermination” (rather than just expulsion) of Seminoles:

In addition to being victims of American ethnic cleansing, Creek, Choctaw, and Chickasaw families lost between $100,000 and over $1 million (in 2020 dollars) per household: