https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🧵" title="Thread" aria-label="Emoji: Thread">/ #COVID19 hospitalizations are on the rise, as visualized by @awitherspoon, and contextualized by @sam_baker https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💯" title="Hundert Punkte Symbol" aria-label="Emoji: Hundert Punkte Symbol">

Here, I’ll break down hospitalization data, and explain why we must avoid drawing conclusions or drafting policy based on these data *alone* https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-hospitalizations-increasing-abc7e1f7-51b1-4b5c-a2e8-ab55685ac522.html?utm_campaign=organic&utm_medium=socialshare&utm_source=twitter">https://www.axios.com/coronavir...
Coronavirus hospitalizations are on the rise

Sixteen states are at or near their peaks.

https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-hospitalizations-increasing-abc7e1f7-51b1-4b5c-a2e8-ab55685ac522.html?utm_campaign=organic&utm_medium=socialshare&utm_source=twitter
The first thing to note about hospitalization data is that both the numerator and denominator change on a day-to-day basis. Let’s start by looking at the numerator:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Most #COVID19 hospitalizations occur 8 - 12 days after the onset of symptoms

src: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavir...
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">The typical length of stay for hospitalized #COVID19 patients is 10 to 13 days...BUT, this range is based on data from China reported early in the pandemic.

The treatment of COVID-19 has changed over time.

src: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavir...
There are now two treatments that are proven to be helpful in managing #COVID19 in hospitalized patients:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Remdesivir has been shown to reduce the typical (median) amount of time patients spend in the hospital from 15 https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> 10 days

ref: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764">https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/...
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report | NEJM

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Dexamethasone was shown to decreased the amount of time intubated #COVID19 patients spent on a mechanical ventilator, but there was also a small (indirect) shortening of hospital length of stay (median 12 vs. 13 days)

ref: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
ref:https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/... href=" https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2020/08/03/10/18/dexamethasone-in-hospitalized-patients">https://www.acc.org/latest-in...
Dexamethasone in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients - American College of Cardiology

Rachel Eshima McKay, MD

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
Taken together, we expect #COVID19 hospitalizations to be shorter today, than they were in March through June. And that’s exactly what we’re seeing. In Colorado, for example:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> ventilator use
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> length of stay

H/T @CODaleyNews ( https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/16/new-hospital-data-shows-ventilator-use-fell-over-time-and-coronavirus-patient-stays-grew-shorter/)
src:">https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/1... @COHospitalAssn
Taken together, we expect #COVID19 hospitalizations to be shorter today, than they were in March through June. And that’s exactly what we’re seeing. In Colorado, for example:https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable= ventilator usehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> length of stayH/T @CODaleyNews ( https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/1... @COHospitalAssn" title="Taken together, we expect #COVID19 hospitalizations to be shorter today, than they were in March through June. And that’s exactly what we’re seeing. In Colorado, for example:https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> ventilator usehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> length of stayH/T @CODaleyNews ( https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/1... @COHospitalAssn">
Taken together, we expect #COVID19 hospitalizations to be shorter today, than they were in March through June. And that’s exactly what we’re seeing. In Colorado, for example:https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable= ventilator usehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> length of stayH/T @CODaleyNews ( https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/1... @COHospitalAssn" title="Taken together, we expect #COVID19 hospitalizations to be shorter today, than they were in March through June. And that’s exactly what we’re seeing. In Colorado, for example:https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> ventilator usehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> length of stayH/T @CODaleyNews ( https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/1... @COHospitalAssn">
So, when looking at the number of #COVID19 hospitalizations over time, we must bear in mind that the number of hospitalizations on any given day (numerator) should be lower today, than it was over the summer — *assuming nothing about the disease or the patients has changed.*
I need to step away for a bit, but the upshot so far is:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Shorter #COVID19 hospitalizations translate into fewer people in the hospital for #COVID19 on any given day *so long as community transmission remains the same*
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Scientists have found ways to shorten hospitalizations
Shifting gears to the number of hospital beds (the denominator): This value*IS NOT* about bed capacity per se. This value says:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">A physical bed exists
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">A medical team is available to care for the patient
The number of beds available tells us the number of patients that can be *safely* admitted to the hospital (for any reason)

Similarly the number of ICU beds available tells us the number of patients that can be *safely* admitted to the ICU (for any reason)

Key data is missing..
The # does *not* capture whether:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">the bed is in a unit or ward that can accommodate #COVID19 patients
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">the *available* staff has the training to safely care for COVID patients
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">adequate PPE is available

These factors https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> *actual* bed available
CC @meganranney @Cleavon_MD
These factors are most relevant for non-ICU patients, but that’s where “swing” beds come into play— swing beds are one reason why the denominator can change.

There are two definitions of “swing” beds — here we use it to mean regular beds that can be made into “ICU-level” beds.
There are also physical beds scattered throughout a hospital that aren’t technically meant to be assigned to a patient that will be staying overnight — like an emergency room.

Taken together, these “extra” beds comprise a hospital’s “surge capacity” — they https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬆️" title="Pfeil nach oben" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach oben"> *actual* beds
To recap — there are multiple factors that https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten"> and https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬆️" title="Pfeil nach oben" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach oben"> *actual* hospital bed capacity. These factors affect every level of care, from the emergency room all the way to the ICU.

@TXMedCenter does an exceptional job of breaking down *actual* ICU numbers

see: https://www.tmc.edu/coronavirus-updates/overview-of-tmc-icu-bed-capacity-and-occupancy/">https://www.tmc.edu/coronavir...
Overview Of TMC ICU Bed Capacity And Occupancy - Texas Medical Center

https://www.tmc.edu/coronavirus-updates/overview-of-tmc-icu-bed-capacity-and-occupancy/
Best I can tell, neither state agencies nor HHS is consistently reporting *actual* #COVID19 bed availability.

When I was still working closely w/ FEMA, they were using @DefinitiveHC’s dataset, but key details are opaque since HHS changed things in July: https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2020-08-03-hhs-updates-covid-19-guidance-and-faqs-hospitals-daily-data-reporting">https://www.aha.org/news/head...
HHS updates COVID-19 guidance and FAQs on hospitals’ daily data reporting | AHA News

The Department of Health and Human Services updated its guidance and FAQs regarding the agency’s request for daily COVID-19-related hospital data reporting.

https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2020-08-03-hhs-updates-covid-19-guidance-and-faqs-hospitals-daily-data-reporting
What we *do know* is that hospitals are reporting these key details to HHS via their new system.

We know that based on the guidance document issued by HHS to hospitals: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/covid-19-faqs-hospitals-hospital-laboratory-acute-care-facility-data-reporting.pdf">https://www.hhs.gov/sites/def...
What we *do know* is that hospitals are reporting these key details to HHS via their new system.We know that based on the guidance document issued by HHS to hospitals: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/def...
What we *do know* is that hospitals are reporting these key details to HHS via their new system.We know that based on the guidance document issued by HHS to hospitals: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/def...
What we *do know* is that hospitals are reporting these key details to HHS via their new system.We know that based on the guidance document issued by HHS to hospitals: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/def...
What we *do know* is that hospitals are reporting these key details to HHS via their new system.We know that based on the guidance document issued by HHS to hospitals: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/def...
We also know that HHS is collecting information about the availability of PPE on a weekly basis, and the information they collect is remarkably specific — including whether the hospital anticipates a shortage, whether staff reuse PPE, and more.
We also know that HHS is collecting information about the availability of PPE on a weekly basis, and the information they collect is remarkably specific — including whether the hospital anticipates a shortage, whether staff reuse PPE, and more.
We also know that HHS is collecting information about the availability of PPE on a weekly basis, and the information they collect is remarkably specific — including whether the hospital anticipates a shortage, whether staff reuse PPE, and more.
What we don’t know is what @HHSGov does with that information— and why key details are not made available to the public.

To date, HHS has limited public datasets to an *estimated* hospitalization count at the state level.

https://protect-public.hhs.gov/datasets/state-representative-estimates-for-hospital-utilization">https://protect-public.hhs.gov/datasets/...
What we don’t know is what @HHSGov does with that information— and why key details are not made available to the public.To date, HHS has limited public datasets to an *estimated* hospitalization count at the state level. https://protect-public.hhs.gov/datasets/...
What we don’t know is what @HHSGov does with that information— and why key details are not made available to the public.To date, HHS has limited public datasets to an *estimated* hospitalization count at the state level. https://protect-public.hhs.gov/datasets/...
In summary, drawing conclusions or changing policy based on #COVID19 hospitalization data is fraught with caveats, data gaps, and pitfalls.

We further established that HHS collects the data we need but fails to make that data publicly available…
Final thoughts:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">I fail to see why @HHSGov desires to keep the American people in the dark vis à vis real-time hospitalization data (there are easy ways to make the data available without compromising patient privacy)
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">PPE inventories should also be public
/end

CC @getusppe
Examples of why this matters:
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Hospital data transparency sheds light on interdependencies, helps https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🚩" title="Dreieckige Fahne an einem Pfosten" aria-label="Emoji: Dreieckige Fahne an einem Pfosten"> scarce resources
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">Right now we’re not getting the full picture, the data can’t tell a complete story
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔸" title="Kleine orangene Raute" aria-label="Emoji: Kleine orangene Raute">By the time we’re aware of a problem, it’s already too late
H/T @MollyBeck https://twitter.com/wihealthnews/status/1318238701877710848">https://twitter.com/wihealthn...
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