The consonant letters of #TeReo Māori, their (typical) sounds & how some other languages (often) do them, a thread....
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤗" title="Umarmendes Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Umarmendes Gesicht">
The letter “h” (as in haka) in Te Reo is a glottal fricative - the vocal chords are tightened & air is puffed out
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💨" title="Staubwolke" aria-label="Emoji: Staubwolke"> This sound is shown by the letter(s)
sh in Irish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇪" title="Flagge von Irland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Irland">
g in Galician
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌲" title="Immergrüner Baum" aria-label="Emoji: Immergrüner Baum">
ჰ in Georgian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇬🇪" title="Flagge von Georgien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Georgien">
Гь in Avar
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💛" title="Gelbes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Gelbes Herz">
h in English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏴" title="Flagge von England" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von England">
...
sh in Irish
g in Galician
ჰ in Georgian
Гь in Avar
h in English
...
The letter “k” in Te Reo (as in kai) is a velar stop - the back of the tongue hits the back of the roof of the mouth & air is momentarily blocked
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👅" title="Zunge" aria-label="Emoji: Zunge">This sound is
c in Vietnamese,French,Portuguese & Italian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇻🇳" title="Flagge von Vietnam" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Vietnam">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇫🇷" title="Flagge von Frankreich" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Frankreich">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇵🇹" title="Flagge von Portugal" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Portugal">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇹" title="Flagge von Italien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Italien">
g in Danish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇩🇰" title="Flagge von Dänemark" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Dänemark">
ק in Hebrew
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇱" title="Flagge von Israel" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Israel">
Qu in Catalan
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="❤️" title="Rotes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Rotes Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💛" title="Gelbes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Gelbes Herz">
ک in Pashto
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇦🇫" title="Flagge von Afghanistan" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Afghanistan">
...
c in Vietnamese,French,Portuguese & Italian
g in Danish
ק in Hebrew
Qu in Catalan
ک in Pashto
...
The letter “m” in Te Reo Māori (as in moana) is a voiced bilabial nasal, you chose your lips, vibrate your vocal chords & breathe out through your nose
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👃" title="Nase" aria-label="Emoji: Nase">This sound is
μ in Greek
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇬🇷" title="Flagge von Griechenland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Griechenland">
მ in Georgian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇬🇪" title="Flagge von Georgien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Georgien">
ম in Bengali
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇧🇩" title="Flagge von Bangladesch" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Bangladesch">
Մ in Armenian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇦🇲" title="Flagge von Armenien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Armenien">
...
μ in Greek
მ in Georgian
ম in Bengali
Մ in Armenian
...
The letter “n” in Te Reo Māori (as in noa) is a voiced bilabial nasal, you chose your lips, vibrate your vocal chords & breathe out through your nose
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👃" title="Nase" aria-label="Emoji: Nase"> This sound is
น and ณ in Thai
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇹🇭" title="Flagge von Thailand" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Thailand">
ન in Gujarati
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇳" title="Flagge von Indien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Indien">
نون in Persian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇷" title="Flagge von Iran" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Iran">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇦🇫" title="Flagge von Afghanistan" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Afghanistan">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇹🇯" title="Flagge von Tadschikistan" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Tadschikistan">
n in English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏴" title="Flagge von England" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von England">
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น and ณ in Thai
ન in Gujarati
نون in Persian
n in English
...
The letter “p” in Te Reo Māori (as in Pākehā) is a voiceless bilabial plosive, you press both lips together & then open them
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👄" title="Mund" aria-label="Emoji: Mund"> This sound is
b in Luxembourgish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇱🇺" title="Flagge von Luxemburg" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Luxemburg">
b or p in Danish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇩🇰" title="Flagge von Dänemark" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Dänemark">
н in Adyghe, Kabardian and Macedonian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💚" title="Grünes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Grünes Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💙" title="Blaues Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Blaues Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇲🇰" title="Flagge von Mazedonien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Mazedonien">
ㅂ, ㅃ and ㅍ in Korean
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇰🇷" title="Flagge von Südkorea" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Südkorea">
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b in Luxembourgish
b or p in Danish
н in Adyghe, Kabardian and Macedonian
ㅂ, ㅃ and ㅍ in Korean
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The letter “r” in Te Reo Māori is a voiced alveolar tap (as in Reo Māori, your tongue quickly & lightly taps against the ridge above your top teeth
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👅" title="Zunge" aria-label="Emoji: Zunge"> This sound is
d in Danish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇩🇰" title="Flagge von Dänemark" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Dänemark">
tt in some varieties of English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👀" title="Augen" aria-label="Emoji: Augen">
ρ in Greek
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇬🇷" title="Flagge von Griechenland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Griechenland">
...
d in Danish
tt in some varieties of English
ρ in Greek
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The letter “t” is a dental or alveolar plosive (as in tuatara), your tongue presses against your top teeth/the ridge above your top teeth
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🦷" title="Tooth" aria-label="Emoji: Tooth">
The dental version of this sound is
th in some varieties of Irish-English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇪" title="Flagge von Irland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Irland">
d in Nunggubuyu
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🖤" title="Schwarzes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Schwarzes Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💛" title="Gelbes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Gelbes Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="❤️" title="Rotes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Rotes Herz">
...
The dental version of this sound is
th in some varieties of Irish-English
d in Nunggubuyu
...
The alveolar version of this sound is
т in Kyrgyz and Ukrainian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇰🇬" title="Flagge von Kirgisistan" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Kirgisistan">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇺🇦" title="Flagge der Ukraine" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge der Ukraine">
d in Norwegian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇳🇴" title="Flagge von Norwegen" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Norwegen">
т in Adyghe
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💚" title="Grünes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Grünes Herz">
...
т in Kyrgyz and Ukrainian
d in Norwegian
т in Adyghe
...
The letter “w” in Te Reo (as in waka) is a bilabial semivowel, the lips are rounded and the back of tongue is raised towards the back of the mouth
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👅" title="Zunge" aria-label="Emoji: Zunge"> This sound is
ou in French
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇫🇷" title="Flagge von Frankreich" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Frankreich">
v in Irish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇪" title="Flagge von Irland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Irland">
ў in Belarusian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇧🇾" title="Flagge von Weißrussland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Weißrussland">
Ł in Polish
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇵🇱" title="Flagge von Polen" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Polen">
w in English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏴" title="Flagge von England" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von England">
ou in French
v in Irish
ў in Belarusian
Ł in Polish
w in English
The letter “ng” in Te Reo Māori (as in Ngāti) is a voiced velar nasal, the back of the tongue is raised to back of the mouth & air comes out your nose
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👃" title="Nase" aria-label="Emoji: Nase">This sound is
ŋ in Bambara and Dinka
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇲🇱" title="Flagge von Mali" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Mali">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇸🇸" title="Flagge des Südsudan" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge des Südsudan">
n in Faroese
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇫🇴" title="Flagge von Färöer" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Färöer">
ng in “singer” in English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏴" title="Flagge von England" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von England">
ŋ in Bambara and Dinka
n in Faroese
ng in “singer” in English
The letter “wh” in Te Reo Māori (as in whare) is a labiodental fricative, your bottom lip touches your top teeth & air comes out
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👄" title="Mund" aria-label="Emoji: Mund"> This sound is
φ in Greek (as in φύοη)
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇬🇷" title="Flagge von Griechenland" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Griechenland">
פ ף in Hebrew
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇱" title="Flagge von Israel" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Israel">
Ф in Chechen
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🐺" title="Wolfsgesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Wolfsgesicht">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💚" title="Grünes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Grünes Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="❤️" title="Rotes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Rotes Herz">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤍" title="Weißes Herz" aria-label="Emoji: Weißes Herz">
Ֆ in Armenian
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇦🇲" title="Flagge von Armenien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Armenien">
ف in Arabic
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇸🇩" title="Flagge des Sudan" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge des Sudan">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇱🇧" title="Flagge von Libanon" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Libanon">
v in Malay
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇩" title="Flagge von Indonesien" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Indonesien">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇧🇳" title="Flagge von Brunei" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Brunei">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇲🇾" title="Flagge von Malaysia" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von Malaysia">
f in English
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏴" title="Flagge von England" aria-label="Emoji: Flagge von England">
...
φ in Greek (as in φύοη)
פ ף in Hebrew
Ф in Chechen
Ֆ in Armenian
ف in Arabic
v in Malay
f in English
...
So yea, no sounds are inherently “fixed” to ANY letter.
“Wh” can absolutely mean an “f sound” and particular sounds in Te Reo Māori can absolutely & logically be represented by the letters “ng” & “r” etc
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤗" title="Umarmendes Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Umarmendes Gesicht"> Anyone who thinks otherwise is just plain wrong
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤐" title="„Schweigen ist Gold“-Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: „Schweigen ist Gold“-Gesicht">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😜" title="Winking face with tongue" aria-label="Emoji: Winking face with tongue">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💁🏼♀️" title="Frau verrät sich (mittelheller Hautton)" aria-label="Emoji: Frau verrät sich (mittelheller Hautton)"> Pōmarie
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🙋🏼♀️" title="Happy woman raising one hand (mittelheller Hautton)" aria-label="Emoji: Happy woman raising one hand (mittelheller Hautton)">
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌛" title="Zunehmender Viertelmond mit Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Zunehmender Viertelmond mit Gesicht">
“Wh” can absolutely mean an “f sound” and particular sounds in Te Reo Māori can absolutely & logically be represented by the letters “ng” & “r” etc