The basic results:

Ultra-processed foods: .55 Euro/100 kcal
Minimally processed foods: 1.29 Euro/100 kcal

Their conclusion:
"Policies that improve relative affordability and accessibility of MPF are recommended."

But wait ...
Under Results:

"There were no significant differences between men and women and between different socio-economic population groups in regard to UPF consumption."
The authors also look at education:

"The contribution of MPF to the daily dietary cost was significantly higher for individuals with a higher household education level compared to those with a lower household education level (p < 0.01)."

Let's look at the actual numbers ...
Here's % of calories from minimally processed foods, by education level:

Low: 20%
Medium: 21%
High: 23%

Key question: what's the difference in consumption of ultra-processed foods? None. (31%/30%/31% for L/M/H)
It seems to me that the takeaway of this study is that diets are remarkably consistent across socio-economic categories.

The conclusion that we should make minimally processed foods more affordable is not supported by the data.

I would love to hear the authors' take on this.
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