And that's the big difference in the Jewish concept. Satan is *our* adversary, not God's. He's not an evil pole locked in battle with the good pole that is God - everything comes from God. Good stuff, bad stuff, all of it is attributable to God. Even Satan is doing God's work
My favorite story about how Satan became a thing has to do with the part where God says "let us make man in our image" - i.e., with free will. The story goes that some of the angels thought this was a great idea, very cool, thumbs up to God for the out-of-the-box thinking.
Other angels thought this was a terrible idea. Free will, they argued, will inevitably lead people astray. And anyway, why do you need creatures to follow God through free will when there are already angels who by their very nature *have* to follow God? Thumbs down, motion denied
So God hears the arguments, carefully considers both sides and concludes that actually the plan is awesome after all. BUT - God does give the oppositional angels a representative by incarnating their dissent in The Satan.
Satan is the prosecuting attorney in the case of humanity's general nature. The voice of the angels who think humankind was a mistake, humans will always screw up, and we shouldn't even be here. Satan isn't God's *enemy* - he's one side of an argument for the sake of heaven.
In this role, Satan is associated with the yetzer hara, the impulse to do bad, or at least to shirk doing good. Another translation for satan is 'accuser'. As the prosecuting attorney, he points to our bad impulses and says "See? Humanity bad."
We also have angels who advocate for us (and there are ways to acquire more of these) who counter this by pointing to our good impulses, the yetzer hatov, and saying "Nuh uh, humanity good."
In most of the midrash about Satan, he can't actually *do* much of anything. All Satan *does* is influence us to listen to the yetzer hara more than the yetzer hatov. He gives us only the perspective that plays the most into our insecurities, our fears, our selfishness.
He's not super powerful. Or super smart. During Elul, the reason we blow the shofar every day is so that Satan won't know when Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur are. The idea is that during the days of awe, when the gates are open, Satan ramps up the advocating for why people suck.
But because Satan's not real bright, he's easy to fool. We just blow the shofar every day for a month, and every day he's like "Oh, crap, it's inscription time!" and every day he's wrong, and by the time it actually gets here he's given up in frustration.
Reish Lakish says that the yetzer hara, the Satan and the Angel of Death aren't just related, they're all actually one and the same. Maimonides agrees, and says that the word satan is rooted in the word for turning away - the opposite of t'shuvah, returning, the way we atone.
So Satan, then, isn't some powerful being that is alternate and opposite to God. Satan is one of many agents affecting and affected by our free will, all playing out this scenario that God set in motion.
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