Hey geomicrobiology and microbiome tweeps!

Do you know that the sulfosugar #sulfoquinovose (SQ) is a ubiquitous microbial nutrient in the environment and in a vegetarian diet?

No?

Here comes some SQ propaganda…a thread

#sulfurcycle #carboncycle #H2S #microbiome #diet
First, for #sulfoquinovose newbies, I very much recommend the wonderful review by Ethan Goddard-Borger @ethangbaus & Spencer Williams @sjwill99

Sulfoquinovose in the biosphere: occurrence, metabolism and functions https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/474/5/827/49718/Sulfoquinovose-in-the-biosphere-occurrence#.X0vE0yDUkJw.twitter">https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/...
Sulfoquinovose in the biosphere: occurrence, metabolism and functions

The sulfonated carbohydrate sulfoquinovose (SQ) is produced in quantities estimated at some 10 billion tonnes annually and is thus a major participant in the global sulfur biocycle. SQ is produced by...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/474/5/827/49718/Sulfoquinovose-in-the-biosphere-occurrence#.X0vE0yDUkJw.twitter
#sulfoquinovose is a sulfonated glucose and most often found as polar head group of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), a ubiquitous sulfolipid in the photosynthetic membranes of all green land plants, algae, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria
SQDG is one of the most abundant organic sulfur compounds in the biosphere (production rate of 100,000,000,000 tons per year!) and can represent up to a third of the total lipids in leafy green vegetables #spinach #lettuce #greenonion
SQDG #sulfoquinovose are abundant sources of carbon and sulfur in the global nutrient cycles and substrates for the gut microbiota of animals/humans that like their greens

Think of popeye& #39;s diet #spinach https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🥬" title="Leafy green" aria-label="Emoji: Leafy green">as the ultimate #sulfoquinovose boost for your gut microbiota https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😉" title="Zwinkerndes Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Zwinkerndes Gesicht">
So how is all the #sulfoquinovose in the environment and our guts degraded?

Thanks to the work of team @DSchleheck

Three bacterial pathways for #sulfoquinovose degradation (sulfoglycolytic pathways) are currently known
1. pathway: E.coli and some other Enterobacteriaceae have the sulfo-EMP (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas) pathway for #sulfoquinovose breakdown and growth

Note that the sulfo-EMP pathway is an additional, analogous pathway to the classical EMP pathway https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12947">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
Sulphoglycolysis in Escherichia coli K-12 closes a gap in the biogeochemical sulphur cycle

Escherichia coli K-12 performs sulphoglycolysis; heterologous expression of enzymes encoded in a ten-gene cluster present in almost all (>91%) available E. coli genomes is used to show that sulphoq...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12947
2. pathway: Pseudomonas putida and some other Proteobacteria have the sulfo-ED pathway for #sulfoquinovose breakdown and growth https://www.pnas.org/content/112/31/E4298">https://www.pnas.org/content/1...
Entner–Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1

Phototrophic organisms worldwide produce estimated 10 gigatons of sulfoquinovose (SQ) per year; hence, complete degradation of SQ by bacteria is an important part of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle....

https://www.pnas.org/content/112/31/E4298
3. pathway: The newly discovered SFT pathway is present in some aerobic and anaerobic Firmicutes and named after its characteristic sulfofructose transaldolase (SFT) https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(20)30702-1">https://www.cell.com/iscience/...
Environmental and intestinal phylum Firmicutes bacteria metabolize the plant sugar sulfoquinovose...

Bacterial degradation of the sugar sulfoquinovose (SQ, 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose) produced by plants, algae and cyanobacteria, is an important component of the biogeochemical carbon and sulfur cycles....

https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(20)30702-1
All three #sulfoquinovose pathways encode a #sulfoquinovosidase (an alpha-glucosidase in the glycoside hydrolase family 31 - GH31) that cleaves SQ from SQ-glycosides such as SQDG
https://www.nature.com/articles/nchembio.2023">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
Aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic #sulfoquinovose (C6) degradation produces a classical C3-compound for growth – either pyruvate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) – and a C3-sulfonate that is excreted – either sulfolactate or dihydroxypropanesulfonate (DHPS)
The #sulfoquinovose degradation products #sulfolactate and #DHPS can be utilized by other microorganisms as carbon and/or sulfur sources and energy sources via intracellular production of #sulfite (S oxidation state +4) = electron donor or acceptor https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02792/full">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
Anaerobic Degradation of the Plant Sugar Sulfoquinovose Concomitant With H2S Production: Escheric...

Sulfoquinovose (SQ, 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose) is produced by plants and other phototrophs and its biodegradation is a relevant component of the biogeochemical carbon and sulfur cycles. SQ is known to...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02792/full
Sulfonates #DHPS are nutrients and energy sources for sulfur oxidizers in the pelagic ocean

Check out work by the teams of Mary Ann Moran & @BryndanDurham for more info!

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0507-5
https://www.nature.com/articles/... href=" https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0250-1">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
Green-diet-derived #sulfoquinovose is an exclusive growth substrate and thus a potential prebiotic of some abundant bacterial commensals in the human gut

Yet, complete degradation of SQ by cross-feeding of #DHPS produces #H2S

Our new preprint https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-49676/latest">https://www.researchsquare.com/article/r...
Eubacterium rectale and Bilophila wadsworthia cooperatively catabolize #sulfoquinovose to acetate and #H2S as main products in human fecal microcosms and in co-culture

Interspecies transfer of #DHPS links a green diet with #H2S production in the gut

#spinach #Popeye
Eubacterium rectale ferments #sulfoquinovose to DHPS via the SFT pathway

which is exclusive to E. rectale and few other intestinal Firmicutes species such as Feacalibacterium prausnitzii
Across the fecal metatranscriptomes of many individuals
#sulfoquinovose degradation was expressed prevalently and abundantly (top 33% of all microbial pathways)
and mostly by Eubacterium rectale and Feacalibacterium prausnitzii
Bilophila utilizes #DHPS as electron acceptor via a new oxygen-sensitive glycyl-radical enzyme that releases sulfite from DHPS for anaerobic respiration to #H2S via the DsrABC pathway

The DHPS sulfite-lyase cleaves #DHPS into hydroxyacetone and #sulfite

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-49676/latest">https://www.researchsquare.com/article/r...
In parallel, the DHPS sulfite-lyase was also discovered by the team of Yan Zhang, with additional biochemical and structural data

Excitingly, they also describe a DHPS-dehydratase in bacteria that ferment DHPS without #H2S production https://www.pnas.org/content/117/27/15599.long">https://www.pnas.org/content/1...
Two radical-dependent mechanisms for anaerobic degradation of the globally abundant organosulfur...

DHPS is one of the most abundant organosulfonates on this planet. The mechanisms for DHPS degradation in the anaerobic biosphere are not well understood. Here, we report the bioinformatics-aided...

https://www.pnas.org/content/117/27/15599.long
In Bilophila and other bacteria, the DHPS sulfite-lyase is paralogous to isethionate sulfite-lyase, a key enzyme in anaerobic taurine degradation that was also discovered by the teams of @DSchleheck https://www.pnas.org/content/116/8/3171
and">https://www.pnas.org/content/1... Yan Zhang https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09618-8">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
#metatranscriptome analysis of DsrABC-sulfite reduction and DHPS/isethionate sulfite-lyase activities suggested Bilophila and other Desulfovibrionaceae use mostly #taurine but also #DHPS for #H2S production in the human gut
Thanks for reading!

Keep in mind that #sulfoquinovose metabolism is a core physiological attribute of the human gut that is likely modifiable by diet - think of #Popeye #spinach https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😉" title="Zwinkerndes Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Zwinkerndes Gesicht">- and contributes to host health

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-49676/latest">https://www.researchsquare.com/article/r...

#H2S #acetate #microbiome #prebiotic
ADDENDUM:

#H2S is a Janus-faced molecule

with detrimental

#toxic https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295201006578?via%3Dihub

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a... href="https://twtext.com//hashtag/mucusbreaker"> #mucusbreaker https://www.pnas.org/content/112/32/10038

and">https://www.pnas.org/content/1... beneficial effects

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00249.2017

on">https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/... the intestinal environment
The complex host-endogenous
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S089158491830251X

and">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a... microbial processes
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-017-4689-5

that">https://link.springer.com/article/1... regulate intestinal #H2S homeostasis and how they are influenced by #diet or health state are yet insufficiently defined
Sulfur Cycling and the Intestinal Microbiome

In this review, we focus on the activities transpiring in the anaerobic segment of the sulfur cycle occurring in the gut environment where hydrogen sulfide is produced. While sulfate-reducing...

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S089158491830251X
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