Thread by @danmucida, After many years of hard work, we report on a population of [...]

After many years of hard work, we report on a population of intrinsic (i) enteric-associated neurons (EAN, iEAN) that regulates blood glucose on a microbiota-dependent manner
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/08/26/science.abd6176
On">https://science.sciencemag.org/content/e... preprints, gut-

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https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🦠" title="Microbe" aria-label="Emoji: Microbe">-neuron, a long

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🧵" title="Thread" aria-label="Emoji: Thread"> 0/n

Microbiota-modulated CART+ enteric neurons autonomously regulate blood glucose

The gut microbiota affects tissue physiology, metabolism, and function of both the immune and nervous systems. We found that intrinsic enteric-associated neurons (iEAN) in mice are functionally...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/08/26/science.abd6176

These studies are fruit of work from several very talented graduate students in the lab (Ilana Gabanyi, @paulandmull, @MatheisFanny, Zach Kerner) and collaborators, in particular @marcschp and J. Friedman lab). A great timing for the 10 year lab anniversary this week 1/n

This project started after our first neuro-immune story, led by I. Gabanyi, who observed a functional specialization between muscularis macrophages (MM) and neurons (EAN), in part via norepinephrine signaling via beta adrenergic receptors in MM: 2/n https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)01687-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867415016876%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">https://www.cell.com/cell/full...

Neuro-immune Interactions Drive Tissue Programming in Intestinal Macrophages

Tissue macrophages occupying different regions of the gut exhibit a high degree of specialization and are influenced by a high density of neuronal processes in the muscularis layer, where norepinep...

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)01687-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867415016876%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

@paulandmull joined the lab after an exceptional training in @MiriamMerad, and stepped in. We had been previously attempting to use the traditional translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP), which didn’t work properly in the intestine due RNA degradation

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https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💩" title="Dreckshaufen" aria-label="Emoji: Dreckshaufen">. 3/n

After a suggestion from my best mate @SohailTavazoie, @paulandmull optimized TRAPseq for the intestine using Ribotag. It was clear the need for a profiling of EAN. To avoid disrupting neurons from the tissue, Ribotag-based TRAPseq was the best option and worked as expected. 4/n

@paulandmull, as he does, wanted to do it all, so we wrote a project, trashed by NIH clinical study sections, then DARPA and then SPARC, the latter saying: “the applicant has not demonstrated sufficient support from his institution”. Not enough support from Rockefeller? Right 5/n

We continued with the project regardless,later it was awarded by @NIH Director& #39;s Transformative R01. After additional years of hard work, we submitted our story to Nature and latter deposited at bioRxiv; version 1 6/n https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545806v1?versioned=true">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/1...

Microbiota imprint gut–intrinsic neuronal programming and sympathetic activity

Microbial density and diversity increases from proximal to distal regions of the intestine, affecting tissue physiology, metabolism, and function of the immune and nervous systems. Both intrinsic and...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545806v1?versioned=true

We described that the microbiota impact both sympathetic eENA, suppressing them, and intrinsic EAN. In a very long review process, reviewers (correctly) pointed out that the eEAN component didn’t link well with the iEAN component. 7/n

We divided the paper, then (expectedly) another reviewer complained. We pressed on, adding further circuit and functional analysis to the extrinsic sympathetic EAN, which showed a novel gut-

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🧠" title="Gehirn" aria-label="Emoji: Gehirn">-gut circuit modulated by

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https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🦠" title="Microbe" aria-label="Emoji: Microbe"> 8/n https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2474-7">https://www.nature.com/articles/...

Microbiota modulate sympathetic neurons via a gut–brain circuit

A combination of gnotobiotic mouse models, transcriptomics, circuit tracing and chemogenetic manipulations identifies neuronal circuits that integrate microbial signals in the gut with regulation of...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2474-7

This story now describes that intrinsic EAN largely differ from microbiota-poor regions (e.g. duodenum) to microbiota-rich regions (e.g. colon). In germ-free mice, those differences are drastically reduced. We wanted to assess a functional relevance (I’m sure there are many).9/n

@paulandmull, @MatheisFanny, @marcschp and Zach Kerner, anatomically (imaging) and functionally (chemogenetics) characterized several of the iEAN subsets that were changed, or not, along the intestine and were dependent, or not, on the microbiota.10/n

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart)+ neurons (not T cells!) increased in regions of high microbiota density, were reduced in germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice, an effect dependent on the non-canonical inflammasome NLRP6-Casp11, as https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867419313285?via%3Dihub">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a... 11/n

Adrenergic Signaling in Muscularis Macrophages Limits Infection-Induced Neuronal Loss

Enteric-associated neurons (EANs) are closely associated with immune cells and continuously monitor and modulate homeostatic intestinal functions, inc…

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867419313285?via%3Dihub

Intrinsic Cart+ neurons project processes to the gut-sympathetic ganglia (hence, viscerofugal), and are poly-synaptically connected to the liver and pancreas. Of note, it was previously known that mice devoid of microbiota show reduction in blood glucose levels. 12/n

Consistently, they observed that activation of Cart+ neurons resulted in changes in food consumption (

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https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👆🏿" title="Rückhand Zeigefinger nach oben (dunkler Hautton)" aria-label="Emoji: Rückhand Zeigefinger nach oben (dunkler Hautton)">). In contrast, depletion of Cart+ neurons resulted in

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Consistently, they observed that activation of Cart+ neurons resulted in changes in food consumption (https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

We concluded that intrinsic iEAN subsets are capable of regulating blood glucose levels in a microbiota-dependent manner, and independently from the CNS. (apologies for not citing previous literature crucial for our work- see paper(s) for references) 14/n

A great team effort from the lab and collaborators from Friedman lab, all @RockefellerUniv (unparalleled support). These studies open questions that we (and hopefully, others) are following up, from microbiota species/components, to relevance in infections, and metabolism 15/n

+: early bioRxiv did not result in scooping; one can take a reviewer& #39;s criticism and get another great story out of it; persistence (sometimes) pays off. Still, we need to tackle journals editorial policies (to come) and reviewer& #39;s bad behavior 16/n https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867419312863?via%3Dihub">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a...

Universal Principled Review: A Community-Driven Method to Improve Peer Review

Despite being a staple of our science, the process of pre-publication peer review has few agreed-upon standards defining its goals or ideal execution.…

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867419312863?via%3Dihub

but this question was actually never answered: Presidente @jairbolsonaro, por que sua esposa recebeu R$ 89 mil de Queiroz? vc nunca deveria ter apertado 17 (a culpa é dele pela tragédia) 17/não.
Remember in Nov3rd: #VoteTrumpOut

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