Recently there's been lots of interest in alternatives to law enforcement. Many have also expressed concern about recent increases in violent crime.

So: what non-law enforcement policies/programs have been shown specifically to reduce *violent crime*?

A thread:

First, if you give kids a structured and supervised way to spend their time, you reduce violent crime.

E.g., raising the school dropout age from 16/17 to 18 reduces violent crime arrests for 16-18 yr olds:

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/REST_a_00360

E.g., lengthening the school day reduces violent juvenile crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272710001210?via%3Dihub

E.g., giving kids summer jobs, which reduce violent youth crime not only during the period of the summer job, but also afterwards @SasserModestino:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.22138

E.g. more evidence that summer jobs reduce youth violent crime:

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/rest_a_00850

Relatedly, providing for more (civilian) adult supervision for kids on their way to/from school also reduces violent crime @ruchi_econ @IKISarmiento:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119019300014?via%3Dihub

Directly restricting kids' ability to engage in certain obvious risky behaviors, like driving at night, reduces violent crime @monicajdeza :

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21893

Not only giving kids more structure/supervision can reduce violent crimes, but also investing in their human/social capital reduces violent crime.

E.g., more years of school reduce later violent crime:

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/125/587/1290/5077850

E.g, improving the quality of kids' schools reduces later violent crime @ProfDavidDeming:

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/125/587/1290/5077850

E.g., supplementing school with targeted programs to increase kids' social/emotional skills can reduce later violent crime @m_sendhil @haroldpollack:

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/125/587/1290/5077850

Improving the health and safety of kids in their own homes also reduces later violent crime.

E.g. targeted intervention for lead poisoning remediation reduces later violent crime @KSchnepel @BillingsEcon

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20160056

E.g., reducing child maltreatment reduces later violent crime @Erdal_Tekin_ :

http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/47/2/509.abstract

E.g., mitigating income shocks to kids' families post-divorce can reduce later violent crime:

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/662137

Mitigating short-term family economic insecurity more generally can reduce violent crime, even in the near term:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004727271830210X?via%3Dihub

Relatedly, relief spending during the Great Depression reduced violent crime:

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/655778

Mitigating the negative economic consequences of leaving school during a severe recession can reduce violent crime @AnnaBindler @s_machin_:

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00698

Likewise, mitigating the negative economic consequences of leaving prison in a local context of lower wages can reduce violent crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272716302067?via%3Dihub

Providing short-term financial support can reduce domestic violence victimization:

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.5.1.179

Another study showing short-term economic support reduces domestic violence victimization @a_peterman:

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20150048

Short-term financial assistance may be more effective at reducing violent crime when coupled with support for social/emotional capital development @cblatts :

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20150503

Likewise for reducing domestic violence victimization:

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/rest_a_00791

Another series of interventions address substance abuse. Reducing access to alcohol can reduce violent crime.

E.g., age restrictions on access to alcohol reduces violent crime:

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/REST_a_00489

More evidence that age restrictions on access to alcohol reduce violent crime @benconomics @GlenWaddell:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617307191

Restrictions on where and when alcohol can be sold reduce violent crime @cirobiderman @jmpmello :

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/120/543/157/5089594

More evidence that restricting where/when alcohol can be sold reduces violent crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272711001435?via%3Dihub

More evidence that alcohol sale restrictions reduce violent crime:

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/128/611/1333/5088762

Reducing liquor store/bar concentration in urban neighborhoods not also characterized by residential density reduces violent crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009411901730044X

At the individual level, alcohol sobriety monitoring programs can reduce violent crime @gregmidgette @BeauKilmer :

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.22217

Relatedly, increasing access to substance abuse treatment can reduce violent crime @jasonmlindo:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009411901830007X

Providing health insurance to enable access to substance abuse treatment reduces violent crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272717301445

More effective treatment for mental illness reduces violent crime @marcotte_dave:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.20544

More effective treatment for HIV+ women reduced domestic violence victimization @NWPapageorge:

http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2019/11/07/jhr.56.4.1115-7543R5.abstract

Some effective interventions to reduce violence address neighborhood socio-economic segregation.

E.g., moving kids out of economically disadvantaged neighborhoods reduces violent crime @EricChyn:

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20161352

E.g., reducing the geographic concentration of public housing units reduces violent crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119015000364?via%3Dihub

Drawing school district boundaries to reduce school socioeconomic segregation reduces youth violent crime @BillingsEcon @SteveRo48195125 @ProfDavidDeming:

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20170249

Reducing foreclosures in a neighborhood reduces violent crime @jrlacoe:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119012000617?via%3Dihub

Likewise, reducing foreclosure-induced vacancy in a neighborhood reduces violent crime:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119015000029?via%3Dihub

Not unrelatedly, providing for affordable housing reduces violent crime @ProfEmilyOwens :

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119011000301?via%3Dihub

More daylight can reduce violent crime @jenniferdoleac :

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00547

Several papers on gun control policies that reduce violent crime:

Not enacting or repealing Stand Your Ground laws reduces violent crime @cbmclellan:

http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/52/3/621.short

More evidence that Stand Your Ground laws increase violent crime:

http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/52/3/621.short

Reducing access to guns by those convicted of domestic violence misdemeanors reduces intra-family gun homicides @kerri_raissian:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pam.21857

Criminal justice reform can reduce violent crime.

E.g., providing alternatives to felony prosecution reduces later convictions for violent crime @Econ_Mike @KSchnepel:

https://academic.oup.com/restud/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/restud/rdaa030/5856753

Reducing juvenile incarceration can reduce later violent crime:

https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/130/2/759/2330376

Decriminalizing marijuana can reduce violent crime:

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/676932

Decriminalizing marijuana can reduce violent crime especially in counties/states that border Mexico:

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/129/617/375/5237193

Statewide DNA databases reduce violent crime @jenniferdoleac:

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20150043

What else?

Business improvement districts can reduce violent crime:

https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/121/552/445/5079804

Reducing traffic can reduce domestic violence victimization:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272718300422

This thread not meant to be comprehensive, but rather just to pull some of these ideas together. Please add to it.