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ANATOMY 
Joints [FCS-SAD]
1) Fibrous AKA Synarthrosis
2) Cartilaginous AKA Amphiarthrosis
3) Synovial AKA Diarthrosis
1) Fibrous AKA Synarthrosis
2) Cartilaginous AKA Amphiarthrosis
3) Synovial AKA Diarthrosis
Hinge/Ginglymus joint: atlanto-occipital joint = YES joint
Trochoid/Pivot joint: atlano-axial joint = NO joint
Ligament: BONE to BONE attachment [LB]
Tendon: MUSCLE to BONE attachment
Tendon: MUSCLE to BONE attachment
Bones of the THORACIC LIMB:
1) Thoracic girdle
- scapula & clavicle
2) Arm/Brachium
- humerus
3) Forearm/antebrachium
- radius & ulna
4) Forepaw/manus
- carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges
1) Thoracic girdle
- scapula & clavicle
2) Arm/Brachium
- humerus
3) Forearm/antebrachium
- radius & ulna
4) Forepaw/manus
- carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges
SCAPULA
In dogs: ACROMION
Note: If the NECK is broken, the muscle that will be affected mostly will be the
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Glenoid cavity + Head of humerus = SHOULDER JOINT (ball and socket joint)
In dogs: ACROMIONNote: If the NECK is broken, the muscle that will be affected mostly will be the
Supraspinatus InfraspinatusGlenoid cavity + Head of humerus = SHOULDER JOINT (ball and socket joint)
CLAVICLE
In
: vestigial
In
& 
: long
Origin for:
Cleidobrachialis
Cleidocephalicus
In
: vestigialIn
& : longOrigin for:
Cleidobrachialis Cleidocephalicus
HUMERUS
LATERAL SIDE:
Greater tubercle
Teres minor tuberosity: insertion for TERES MINOR
MEDIAL SIDE:
Lesser tubercle
Teres major tuberosity: insertion for TERES MAJOR
Groove bet. greater & lesser tubercle: INTERTUBERCULAR/BICIPITAL GROOVE
LATERAL SIDE:
Greater tubercle Teres minor tuberosity: insertion for TERES MINORMEDIAL SIDE:
Lesser tubercle Teres major tuberosity: insertion for TERES MAJORGroove bet. greater & lesser tubercle: INTERTUBERCULAR/BICIPITAL GROOVE
Tendon of BICEPS BRACHII passes in this groove (INTERTUBERCULAR/BICIPITAL groove) and being held by a ligament called TRANSVERSE HUMERAL RETINACULUM
HUMERUS also has SUPRATROCHLEAR FORAMEN unique only to
HUMERUS also has SUPRATROCHLEAR FORAMEN unique only to
HUMERUS
LATERAL condyle: CAPITULUM
MEDIAL condyle: TROCHLEA
LATERAL condyle: CAPITULUM
MEDIAL condyle: TROCHLEA
Remember:
RADIUS = MEDIAL
U(L)NA = (L)ATERAL
RADIUS = MEDIAL
U(L)NA = (L)ATERAL
GROOVES OF THE RADIUS (distal end)
What TENDONS will pass through it?
LATERAL: Common Digital Extensor (CDE)
MEDIAL: Abductor Digiti 1 Longus (Extensor Carpi Obliquus)
MIDDLE: Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR)
What TENDONS will pass through it?
LATERAL: Common Digital Extensor (CDE)
MEDIAL: Abductor Digiti 1 Longus (Extensor Carpi Obliquus)
MIDDLE: Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR)
ULNA
OLECRANON: serves as a very important landmark for clinical applications
- heart rate
- ultrasonography
OLECRANON: serves as a very important landmark for clinical applications- heart rate
- ultrasonography
KNOW THE NUMBERS! 
In there are:
7 carpal bones
5 metacarpal bones
3 phalanges for digits 2 to 5
2 phalanges for digit 1
In
there are:7 carpal bones
5 metacarpal bones
3 phalanges for digits 2 to 5
2 phalanges for digit 1
7 CARPAL BONES are arranged in 2 ROWS
PROXIMAL (medial to lateral):
Intermedioradial
Ulnar
Accessory
DISTAL (medial to lateral)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
PROXIMAL (medial to lateral):
Intermedioradial Ulnar AccessoryDISTAL (medial to lateral)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
PHALANGES
Digits 2, 3, 4, 5: three (3) phalanges each composed of
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Digit 1: two (2) phalanges composed of:
Proximal
Distal
Digits 2, 3, 4, 5: three (3) phalanges each composed of
Proximal Middle DistalDigit 1: two (2) phalanges composed of:
Proximal Distal
INSERTIONS?
(A) PALMAR SURFACE
MIDDLE phalanges 2, 3, 4, 5: Superficial Digital Flexor (SDF)
DISTAL phalanges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (flexor tubercle): Deep Digital Flexor (DDF)
(B) DORSAL SURFACE
DISTAL phalanges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (extensor process): Common Digital Extensor (CDE)
(A) PALMAR SURFACE
MIDDLE phalanges 2, 3, 4, 5: Superficial Digital Flexor (SDF)
DISTAL phalanges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (flexor tubercle): Deep Digital Flexor (DDF)
(B) DORSAL SURFACE
DISTAL phalanges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (extensor process): Common Digital Extensor (CDE)
To remember:
PALMAR: flexors
(D)istal = (D)DF
DORSAL: extensor
Common digital EXTENSOR
PALMAR: flexors
(D)istal = (D)DFDORSAL: extensor
Common digital EXTENSOR
VISUALIZATION:
VISUALIZATION:
BRACHIOCEPHALICUS
(A) Cleidobrachialis
(B) Cleidocephalicus
Cleidomastoideus
Cleidocervicalis
(A) Cleidobrachialis
(B) Cleidocephalicus
Cleidomastoideus Cleidocervicalis
