A few years ago, I watched officers bring a 9-year-old child into court in full metal waist, hand, and foot restraints. Then another child. And another. I was told no one had objected to child-shackling in DC in years. It was normal policy, and it still is in much of the U.S.

Many of the children had intellectual and physical disabilities. It happened in a windowless courtroom closed to the public. This is the everyday structural violence that judges and police work together to normalize.

The highest court in DC later said that indiscriminate child-shackling by officers wasn't an important enough problem for the court to intervene. In three years, I never saw a white child there.