ＢＩＯＬＯＧＹ

(a thread of Biology Shortcuts - CETS 2021)

Life Characteristics
(ＯＲＤＥＲ ＨＥＨ)

Ⓞ rganization
Ⓡ eproduction
Ⓓ evelopment/Growth
Ⓔ nergy for Metabolism
Ⓡ esponse to Stimuli
Ⓗ omeostasis - internal body cond.
Ⓔ volution
Ⓗ eredity - passing of genetic material

Levels of Biological Organization
(ＢＥＣＰＩ)

Ⓑ iosphere
Ⓔ cosystem
Ⓒ ommunity
Ⓟ opulation
Ⓘ ndividual

Biomolecules of Life
(ＣＰＬＮ) (CaPaLaN/CaLaPaN)

Biomolecules - Building Blocks
Ⓒ arbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Ⓟ rotein - Amino Acids
Ⓛ ipids - Fatty Acids
Ⓝ ucleic Acids - Nucleotides

Cell Theories

1) All organisms are composed of cells.
2) Cell is the basic unit of life.
3) All cells arise only from preexisting cells.

Types of Cells (1/2)

~ᵗⁱᵖ ˢᵃ ᵈᵃᵖᵃᵗ ᵐᵃᵍⁱⁿᵍ ᵗʸᵖᵉ ᵐᵒ, ᵇⁱᵍ ᴺᴼ ˢᵃ ᵐᵍᵃ ᴾᴿᴼ ᵈᵘ²⁹+¹, ʳᵉᵐᵉᵐᵇᵉʳ ᵖᵃʳᵃ ˢᵃ ᵇᵃʸᵃⁿ ᵗᵃʸᵒ

ᴘʀᴏᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ (Pro ka? BIG NO)
-NO nucleus
-NO membrane-bound organelles
-MICROscopic
-UNIcellular
-Archae, BACTERIA

Types of Cells (2/2)

EUᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ
-with nuclEUs
-with membrane-bound organelles
-MACROscopic
-MULTIcellular
-Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Cell Structures (1/2)

1) Nucleus - "the brain"
i) Chromatin - consists DNA
ii) Nucleolus - produce ribosomes
iii) Nuclear Envelope - ecloses the nucleus

2) Ribosomes - makes proteins

3) Golgi Apparatus - transport proteins

4) Plasma/Cell Membrane - cell communication

Cell Structures (2/2)

5) Mitochondrion - "powerhouse", ATP synthesis

6) Lysosome - cellular digestion

7) Cytoskeleton - gives the cell shape

8) Chloroplast - photosynthesis

9) Vacuole - storage

10) Cell Wall - structural support

11) Centrioles - produce spindle fibers

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell (Unique Organelles)

ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-centrioles

ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-cell wall
-chloroplast
-vacuoles

Cell Transport (1/2)

-ＰＡＳＳＩＶＥ-
ᴅɪꜰꜰᴜꜱɪᴏɴ
-higher to lower solute concentration
-movement of any particle

ᴏꜱᴍᴏꜱɪꜱ
-lower to higher concentration
-has to go thru a semi-permeable membrane
-movement of solvent

Cell Transport (2/2)

-ＡＣＴＩＶＥ-
-uses ATP
-more on moving ions and small molecules

-ＢＵＬＫ-
ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-eating

ᴘɪɴᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-drinking

ʀᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛᴏʀ-ᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴇɴᴅᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-uses receptor proteins on the cell surface

Cell Respiration

ＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ is a ＧＯＫＥ
╰(uses oxygen)

Ⓖ lycolysis
Ⓞ xidation of Pyruvate
Ⓚ reb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Ⓔ lectron Tranport Chain

ＡＮＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ
╰(no oxygen)
-aka FERMENTATION
-produces:
Lactic Acid
Alcohol

Photosynthesis

ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ
light energy + H20 chemical energy + Oxygen

ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ/ᴄᴀʟᴠɪɴ ᴄʏᴄʟᴇ
-chemical energy (from light dependent) is used
Carbon Dioxide Carbohydrate

Cell Division

Ⓟ rophase
Ⓟ rometaphase
etaphase
Ⓐ naphase
Ⓣ elophase
PLMAT but change L to P

ＭＩＴＯＳＩＳ
-diploid diploid
-equational
-2 daughter cells
-for growth and repair

ＭＥＩＯＳＩＳ
-diploid haploid
-reductional
-4 daughter cells
-for reproduction

Under MEIOSIS

ＳＰＥＲＭＡＴＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Spermatogonium
2) Primary Spermatocyte
3) Secondary Spermatocyte
4) Spermatids/Sperms (ʰᵃᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)

ＯＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Oogonium
2) Primary Oocyte
3) Secondary Oocyte
4) Egg & 3 Polar Bodies (ᵈⁱᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)

Sexual Asexual Reproduction

ＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-involves gametes and fertilization
-offsprings are not genetically identical

ＡＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-does NOT involve gametes and fertilization
-no variation in offsprings

ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＳ Terms (1/2)

ᴀʟʟᴇʟᴇꜱ - gene forms for a certain trait
ᴛʀᴀɪᴛ - variant character (red/white)
ɢᴀᴍᴇᴛᴇꜱ - sex cells cotaining hereditary materials
ʜᴏᴍᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - wHOle; purebred (RR)
ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - half-bred (Rr)

ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＳ Terms (2/2)

ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ - no noticeable effect on organism
ᴅᴏᴍɪɴᴀɴᴛ - expressed gene
ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - PHysical trait
ɢᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - GEnetic trait

2 ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴄʀᴏꜱꜱᴇꜱ (1/2)
(R-red; r-white)

A) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴏᴍᴏxʏɢᴏᴜꜱ ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ
Rr x rr
F1: Rr Rr rr rr
Phenotypes: red red white white
Ratio: 1 red : 1 white
50% : 50%

2 ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴄʀᴏꜱꜱᴇꜱ (2/2)
(R-red; r-white)

B) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ
Rr x Rr
F1: RR Rr RR rr
Phenotypes: red red red white
Ratio: 3 red : 1 white
75% : 25%

ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ʙᴀꜱɪꜱ ᴏꜰ ɪɴʜᴇʀɪᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ
(Disorder and Its Causes)

Down Syndrome - extra Chromosome 21
Patau Syndrome - extra Chr 13
Edward's SD - extra Chr 18
Klinefelter SD - extra X chr in males
Cri-du-Chat SD - deletion of Chr 5
Turner SD - missing X chr in females

ＲＥＭＩＮＤＥＲ

Humans have 23 chromosomes with 46 chromatids.

The 23rd chromosome is the sex chromosome; XX-female, XY-male.

ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴅᴏɢᴍᴀ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄꜱ (1/2)

1) ʀᴇᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - DNA "unzips", and new complementary strand is formed
Base Pairs: Guanine-Cytosine; Adenine-Thymine

2) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱᴄʀɪᴘᴛɪᴏɴ - RNA is created
Base Pairs: Guanince-Cytosine; Adenine-Uracil

ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴅᴏɢᴍᴀ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄꜱ (2/2)

3) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ-RNA is translated to Protein. Three bases code (nucleotides called codon) for one amino acid.

TIP: 1) Replication
2) TransCription
3) TransLation

C comes first before L
Script before Translate

ＴＡＸＯＮＯＭＹ
Levels of Classification
(Ex. Human)

TIP:Ｄid Ｋing Ｐhillip Ｃame Ｏver ＦorＧood Ｓpaghetti

Ⓓ omain Eukarya
Ⓚ ingdom Animalia
Ⓟ hylum Chordata
Ⓒ lass Mammalia
Ⓞ rder Primates
Ⓕ amily Hominidae
Ⓖ enus Homo
Ⓢ pecies Sapiens

ʙɪɴᴏᴍɪᴀʟ ɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴄʟᴀᴛᴜʀᴇ
(scientific name)

-the system of naming living organisms using two Latinized words
-genus and species

ᴄʟᴀᴅɪꜱᴛɪᴄꜱ
-oganisms are categorized into groups based on their common ancestry

Diversity

ＰＬＡＮＴＳ

ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ (Bryophytes)
-ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts

ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ
I) Pteridophytes - spores, ex. ferns
II) Seed Plants - no spores
i) ᴳʸᵐⁿᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - non-flowering
ii) ᴬⁿᵍⁱᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - flowering

Types of Angiosperms ()

ᴍᴏɴᴏᴄᴏᴛ
- cotyledon
-parallel veined leaves
- petals
-fibrous roots

ᴅɪᴄᴏᴛ
- cotyledons
-netted leaves
- or petals
-taproot

Parts of a Flower

A) Sepal - protect the floral bud
B) Petals - attracts insects
C) Receptacle - bears the floral organs

PISTIL (female)
-Stigma
-Style
-Ovary
-Ovules

STAMEN (male)
-Anther
-FilaMENt

ＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮ

ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - possession of favorable characteristics

ʟᴀᴍᴀʀᴄᴋ - traits acquired by an organism are passed on to its offspring (inherited)

ᴄʜᴀʀʟᴇꜱ ᴅᴀʀᴡɪɴ'ꜱ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ ᴏꜰ ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ꜱᴇʟᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ - "survival of the fittest"