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ＢＩＯＬＯＧＹ
(a thread of Biology Shortcuts - CETS 2021)
(a thread of Biology Shortcuts - CETS 2021)
Life Characteristics
(ＯＲＤＥＲ ＨＥＨ)
Ⓞ rganization
Ⓡ eproduction
Ⓓ evelopment/Growth
Ⓔ nergy for Metabolism
Ⓡ esponse to Stimuli
Ⓗ omeostasis - internal body cond.
Ⓔ volution
Ⓗ eredity - passing of genetic material
(ＯＲＤＥＲ ＨＥＨ)
Ⓞ rganization
Ⓡ eproduction
Ⓓ evelopment/Growth
Ⓔ nergy for Metabolism
Ⓡ esponse to Stimuli
Ⓗ omeostasis - internal body cond.
Ⓔ volution
Ⓗ eredity - passing of genetic material
Levels of Biological Organization
(ＢＥＣＰＩ)
Ⓑ iosphere
Ⓔ cosystem
Ⓒ ommunity
Ⓟ opulation
Ⓘ ndividual
(ＢＥＣＰＩ)
Ⓑ iosphere
Ⓔ cosystem
Ⓒ ommunity
Ⓟ opulation
Ⓘ ndividual
Biomolecules of Life
(ＣＰＬＮ) (CaPaLaN/CaLaPaN)
Biomolecules - Building Blocks
Ⓒ arbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Ⓟ rotein - Amino Acids
Ⓛ ipids - Fatty Acids
Ⓝ ucleic Acids - Nucleotides
(ＣＰＬＮ) (CaPaLaN/CaLaPaN)
Biomolecules - Building Blocks
Ⓒ arbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Ⓟ rotein - Amino Acids
Ⓛ ipids - Fatty Acids
Ⓝ ucleic Acids - Nucleotides
Cell Theories
1) All organisms are composed of cells.
2) Cell is the basic unit of life.
3) All cells arise only from preexisting cells.
1) All organisms are composed of cells.
2) Cell is the basic unit of life.
3) All cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Types of Cells (1/2)
~ᵗⁱᵖ ˢᵃ ᵈᵃᵖᵃᵗ ᵐᵃᵍⁱⁿᵍ ᵗʸᵖᵉ ᵐᵒ, ᵇⁱᵍ ᴺᴼ ˢᵃ ᵐᵍᵃ ᴾᴿᴼ ᵈᵘ²⁹+¹, ʳᵉᵐᵉᵐᵇᵉʳ ᵖᵃʳᵃ ˢᵃ ᵇᵃʸᵃⁿ ᵗᵃʸᵒ
ᴘʀᴏᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ (Pro ka? BIG NO)
-NO nucleus
-NO membrane-bound organelles
-MICROscopic
-UNIcellular
-Archae, BACTERIA
~ᵗⁱᵖ ˢᵃ ᵈᵃᵖᵃᵗ ᵐᵃᵍⁱⁿᵍ ᵗʸᵖᵉ ᵐᵒ, ᵇⁱᵍ ᴺᴼ ˢᵃ ᵐᵍᵃ ᴾᴿᴼ ᵈᵘ²⁹+¹, ʳᵉᵐᵉᵐᵇᵉʳ ᵖᵃʳᵃ ˢᵃ ᵇᵃʸᵃⁿ ᵗᵃʸᵒ
ᴘʀᴏᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ (Pro ka? BIG NO)
-NO nucleus
-NO membrane-bound organelles
-MICROscopic
-UNIcellular
-Archae, BACTERIA
Types of Cells (2/2)
EUᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ
-with nuclEUs
-with membrane-bound organelles
-MACROscopic
-MULTIcellular
-Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
EUᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ
-with nuclEUs
-with membrane-bound organelles
-MACROscopic
-MULTIcellular
-Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
Cell Structures (1/2)
1) Nucleus - "the brain"
i) Chromatin - consists DNA
ii) Nucleolus - produce ribosomes
iii) Nuclear Envelope - ecloses the nucleus
2) Ribosomes - makes proteins
3) Golgi Apparatus - transport proteins
4) Plasma/Cell Membrane - cell communication
1) Nucleus - "the brain"
i) Chromatin - consists DNA
ii) Nucleolus - produce ribosomes
iii) Nuclear Envelope - ecloses the nucleus
2) Ribosomes - makes proteins
3) Golgi Apparatus - transport proteins
4) Plasma/Cell Membrane - cell communication
Cell Structures (2/2)
5) Mitochondrion - "powerhouse", ATP synthesis
6) Lysosome - cellular digestion
7) Cytoskeleton - gives the cell shape
8) Chloroplast - photosynthesis
9) Vacuole - storage
10) Cell Wall - structural support
11) Centrioles - produce spindle fibers
5) Mitochondrion - "powerhouse", ATP synthesis
6) Lysosome - cellular digestion
7) Cytoskeleton - gives the cell shape
8) Chloroplast - photosynthesis
9) Vacuole - storage
10) Cell Wall - structural support
11) Centrioles - produce spindle fibers
Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell (Unique Organelles)
ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-centrioles
ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-cell wall
-chloroplast
-vacuoles
ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-centrioles
ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-cell wall
-chloroplast
-vacuoles
Cell Transport (1/2)
-ＰＡＳＳＩＶＥ-
ᴅɪꜰꜰᴜꜱɪᴏɴ
-higher to lower solute concentration
-movement of any particle
ᴏꜱᴍᴏꜱɪꜱ
-lower to higher concentration
-has to go thru a semi-permeable membrane
-movement of solvent
-ＰＡＳＳＩＶＥ-
ᴅɪꜰꜰᴜꜱɪᴏɴ
-higher to lower solute concentration
-movement of any particle
ᴏꜱᴍᴏꜱɪꜱ
-lower to higher concentration
-has to go thru a semi-permeable membrane
-movement of solvent
Cell Transport (2/2)
-ＡＣＴＩＶＥ-
-uses ATP
-more on moving ions and small molecules
-ＢＵＬＫ-
ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-eating
ᴘɪɴᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-drinking
ʀᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛᴏʀ-ᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴇɴᴅᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-uses receptor proteins on the cell surface
-ＡＣＴＩＶＥ-
-uses ATP
-more on moving ions and small molecules
-ＢＵＬＫ-
ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-eating
ᴘɪɴᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-drinking
ʀᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛᴏʀ-ᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴇɴᴅᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-uses receptor proteins on the cell surface
Cell Respiration
ＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ is a ＧＯＫＥ
╰(uses oxygen)
Ⓖ lycolysis
Ⓞ xidation of Pyruvate
Ⓚ reb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Ⓔ lectron Tranport Chain
ＡＮＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ
╰(no oxygen)
-aka FERMENTATION
-produces:
Lactic Acid
Alcohol
ＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ is a ＧＯＫＥ
╰(uses oxygen)
Ⓖ lycolysis
Ⓞ xidation of Pyruvate
Ⓚ reb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Ⓔ lectron Tranport Chain
ＡＮＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ
╰(no oxygen)
-aka FERMENTATION
-produces:
Lactic Acid
Alcohol
Photosynthesis 
ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ
light energy
+ H20 
chemical energy + Oxygen
ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ/ᴄᴀʟᴠɪɴ ᴄʏᴄʟᴇ
-chemical energy (from light dependent) is used
Carbon Dioxide Carbohydrate
ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ
light energy
+ H20 chemical energy + Oxygenʟɪɢʜᴛ-ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ/ᴄᴀʟᴠɪɴ ᴄʏᴄʟᴇ
-chemical energy (from light dependent) is used
Carbon Dioxide
Carbohydrate
Cell Division 
Ⓟ rophase
Ⓟ rometaphase
etaphase
Ⓐ naphase
Ⓣ elophase
PLMAT but change L to P
ＭＩＴＯＳＩＳ
-diploid diploid
-equational
-2 daughter cells
-for growth and repair
ＭＥＩＯＳＩＳ
-diploid haploid
-reductional
-4 daughter cells
-for reproduction
Ⓟ rophase
Ⓟ rometaphase
etaphaseⒶ naphase
Ⓣ elophase
PLMAT but change L to P
ＭＩＴＯＳＩＳ
-diploid
diploid-equational
-2 daughter cells
-for growth and repair
ＭＥＩＯＳＩＳ
-diploid
haploid-reductional
-4 daughter cells
-for reproduction
Under MEIOSIS
ＳＰＥＲＭＡＴＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Spermatogonium
2) Primary Spermatocyte
3) Secondary Spermatocyte
4) Spermatids/Sperms (ʰᵃᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)
ＯＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Oogonium
2) Primary Oocyte
3) Secondary Oocyte
4) Egg & 3 Polar Bodies (ᵈⁱᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)
ＳＰＥＲＭＡＴＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Spermatogonium
2) Primary Spermatocyte
3) Secondary Spermatocyte
4) Spermatids/Sperms (ʰᵃᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)
ＯＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Oogonium
2) Primary Oocyte
3) Secondary Oocyte
4) Egg & 3 Polar Bodies (ᵈⁱᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)
Sexual 
Asexual Reproduction
ＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-involves gametes and fertilization
-offsprings are not genetically identical
ＡＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-does NOT involve gametes and fertilization
-no variation in offsprings
Asexual ReproductionＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-involves gametes and fertilization
-offsprings are not genetically identical
ＡＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-does NOT involve gametes and fertilization
-no variation in offsprings
ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＳ Terms (1/2)
ᴀʟʟᴇʟᴇꜱ - gene forms for a certain trait
ᴛʀᴀɪᴛ - variant character (red/white)
ɢᴀᴍᴇᴛᴇꜱ - sex cells cotaining hereditary materials
ʜᴏᴍᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - wHOle; purebred (RR)
ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - half-bred (Rr)
ᴀʟʟᴇʟᴇꜱ - gene forms for a certain trait
ᴛʀᴀɪᴛ - variant character (red/white)
ɢᴀᴍᴇᴛᴇꜱ - sex cells cotaining hereditary materials
ʜᴏᴍᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - wHOle; purebred (RR)
ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - half-bred (Rr)
ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＳ Terms (2/2)
ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ - no noticeable effect on organism
ᴅᴏᴍɪɴᴀɴᴛ - expressed gene
ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - PHysical trait
ɢᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - GEnetic trait
ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ - no noticeable effect on organism
ᴅᴏᴍɪɴᴀɴᴛ - expressed gene
ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - PHysical trait
ɢᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - GEnetic trait
2 ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴄʀᴏꜱꜱᴇꜱ (1/2)
(R-red; r-white)
A) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴏᴍᴏxʏɢᴏᴜꜱ ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ
Rr x rr
F1: Rr Rr rr rr
Phenotypes: red red white white
Ratio: 1 red : 1 white
50% : 50%
(R-red; r-white)
A) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴏᴍᴏxʏɢᴏᴜꜱ ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ
Rr x rr
F1: Rr Rr rr rr
Phenotypes: red red white white
Ratio: 1 red : 1 white
50% : 50%
2 ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴄʀᴏꜱꜱᴇꜱ (2/2)
(R-red; r-white)
B) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ
Rr x Rr
F1: RR Rr RR rr
Phenotypes: red red red white
Ratio: 3 red : 1 white
75% : 25%
(R-red; r-white)
B) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ
Rr x Rr
F1: RR Rr RR rr
Phenotypes: red red red white
Ratio: 3 red : 1 white
75% : 25%
ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ʙᴀꜱɪꜱ ᴏꜰ ɪɴʜᴇʀɪᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ
(Disorder and Its Causes)
Down Syndrome - extra Chromosome 21
Patau Syndrome - extra Chr 13
Edward's SD - extra Chr 18
Klinefelter SD - extra X chr in males
Cri-du-Chat SD - deletion of Chr 5
Turner SD - missing X chr in females
(Disorder and Its Causes)
Down Syndrome - extra Chromosome 21
Patau Syndrome - extra Chr 13
Edward's SD - extra Chr 18
Klinefelter SD - extra X chr in males
Cri-du-Chat SD - deletion of Chr 5
Turner SD - missing X chr in females
ＲＥＭＩＮＤＥＲHumans have 23 chromosomes with 46 chromatids.
The 23rd chromosome is the sex chromosome; XX-female, XY-male.
ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴅᴏɢᴍᴀ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄꜱ (1/2)
1) ʀᴇᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - DNA "unzips", and new complementary strand is formed
Base Pairs: Guanine-Cytosine; Adenine-Thymine
2) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱᴄʀɪᴘᴛɪᴏɴ - RNA is created
Base Pairs: Guanince-Cytosine; Adenine-Uracil
1) ʀᴇᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - DNA "unzips", and new complementary strand is formed
Base Pairs: Guanine-Cytosine; Adenine-Thymine
2) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱᴄʀɪᴘᴛɪᴏɴ - RNA is created
Base Pairs: Guanince-Cytosine; Adenine-Uracil
ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴅᴏɢᴍᴀ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄꜱ (2/2)
3) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ-RNA is translated to Protein. Three bases code (nucleotides called codon) for one amino acid.
TIP: 1) Replication
2) TransCription
3) TransLation
C comes first before L
Script before Translate
3) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ-RNA is translated to Protein. Three bases code (nucleotides called codon) for one amino acid.
TIP: 1) Replication
2) TransCription
3) TransLation
C comes first before L
Script before Translate
ＴＡＸＯＮＯＭＹ
Levels of Classification
(Ex. Human)
TIP:Ｄid Ｋing Ｐhillip Ｃame Ｏver ＦorＧood Ｓpaghetti
Ⓓ omain Eukarya
Ⓚ ingdom Animalia
Ⓟ hylum Chordata
Ⓒ lass Mammalia
Ⓞ rder Primates
Ⓕ amily Hominidae
Ⓖ enus Homo
Ⓢ pecies Sapiens
Levels of Classification
(Ex. Human)
TIP:Ｄid Ｋing Ｐhillip Ｃame Ｏver ＦorＧood Ｓpaghetti
Ⓓ omain Eukarya
Ⓚ ingdom Animalia
Ⓟ hylum Chordata
Ⓒ lass Mammalia
Ⓞ rder Primates
Ⓕ amily Hominidae
Ⓖ enus Homo
Ⓢ pecies Sapiens
ʙɪɴᴏᴍɪᴀʟ ɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴄʟᴀᴛᴜʀᴇ(scientific name)
-the system of naming living organisms using two Latinized words
-genus and species
ᴄʟᴀᴅɪꜱᴛɪᴄꜱ-oganisms are categorized into groups based on their common ancestry
Diversity
ＰＬＡＮＴＳ
ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ (Bryophytes)
-ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts
ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ
I) Pteridophytes - spores, ex. ferns
II) Seed Plants - no spores
i) ᴳʸᵐⁿᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - non-flowering
ii) ᴬⁿᵍⁱᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - flowering
ＰＬＡＮＴＳ
ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ (Bryophytes)
-ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts
ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ
I) Pteridophytes - spores, ex. ferns
II) Seed Plants - no spores
i) ᴳʸᵐⁿᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - non-flowering
ii) ᴬⁿᵍⁱᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - flowering
Types of Angiosperms (
)
ᴍᴏɴᴏᴄᴏᴛ
-
cotyledon
-parallel veined leaves
-
petals
-fibrous roots
ᴅɪᴄᴏᴛ
-
cotyledons
-netted leaves
-
or 
petals 
-taproot
)ᴍᴏɴᴏᴄᴏᴛ
-
cotyledon-parallel veined leaves
-
petals-fibrous roots
ᴅɪᴄᴏᴛ
-
cotyledons-netted leaves
-
or petals -taproot
Parts of a Flower
A) Sepal - protect the floral bud
B) Petals - attracts insects
C) Receptacle - bears the floral organs
PISTIL (female)
-Stigma
-Style
-Ovary
-Ovules
STAMEN (male)
-Anther
-FilaMENt
A) Sepal - protect the floral bud
B) Petals - attracts insects
C) Receptacle - bears the floral organs
PISTIL (female)
-Stigma
-Style
-Ovary
-Ovules
STAMEN (male)
-Anther
-FilaMENt
ＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮ
ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - possession of favorable characteristics
ʟᴀᴍᴀʀᴄᴋ - traits acquired by an organism are passed on to its offspring (inherited)
ᴄʜᴀʀʟᴇꜱ ᴅᴀʀᴡɪɴ'ꜱ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ ᴏꜰ ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ꜱᴇʟᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ - "survival of the fittest"
ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - possession of favorable characteristics
ʟᴀᴍᴀʀᴄᴋ - traits acquired by an organism are passed on to its offspring (inherited)
ᴄʜᴀʀʟᴇꜱ ᴅᴀʀᴡɪɴ'ꜱ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ ᴏꜰ ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ꜱᴇʟᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ - "survival of the fittest"
