Thread by @palawena_iska, ＢＩＯＬＯＧＹ(a thread of Biology Shortcuts - CETS 2021) Life Characteristics(ＯＲＤＥＲＨＥＨ)Ⓞ rganizationⓇ [...]

ＢＩＯＬＯＧＹ

(a thread of Biology Shortcuts - CETS 2021)

Life Characteristics
(ＯＲＤＥＲＨＥＨ)

Ⓞ rganization
Ⓡ eproduction
Ⓓ evelopment/Growth
Ⓔ nergy for Metabolism
Ⓡ esponse to Stimuli
Ⓗ omeostasis - internal body cond.
Ⓔ volution
Ⓗ eredity - passing of genetic material

Levels of Biological Organization
(ＢＥＣＰＩ)

Ⓑ iosphere
Ⓔ cosystem
Ⓒ ommunity
Ⓟ opulation
Ⓘ ndividual

Biomolecules of Life
(ＣＰＬＮ) (CaPaLaN/CaLaPaN)

Biomolecules - Building Blocks
Ⓒ arbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Ⓟ rotein - Amino Acids
Ⓛ ipids - Fatty Acids
Ⓝ ucleic Acids - Nucleotides

Cell Theories

1) All organisms are composed of cells.
2) Cell is the basic unit of life.
3) All cells arise only from preexisting cells.

Types of Cells (1/2)

~ᵗⁱᵖ ˢᵃ ᵈᵃᵖᵃᵗ ᵐᵃᵍⁱⁿᵍ ᵗʸᵖᵉ ᵐᵒ, ᵇⁱᵍ ᴺᴼ ˢᵃ ᵐᵍᵃ ᴾᴿᴼ ᵈᵘ²⁹+¹, ʳᵉᵐᵉᵐᵇᵉʳ ᵖᵃʳᵃ ˢᵃ ᵇᵃʸᵃⁿ ᵗᵃʸᵒ

ᴘʀᴏᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ (Pro ka? BIG NO)
-NO nucleus
-NO membrane-bound organelles
-MICROscopic
-UNIcellular
-Archae, BACTERIA

Types of Cells (2/2)

EUᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ
-with nuclEUs
-with membrane-bound organelles
-MACROscopic
-MULTIcellular
-Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Cell Structures (1/2)

1) Nucleus - "the brain"
i) Chromatin - consists DNA
ii) Nucleolus - produce ribosomes
iii) Nuclear Envelope - ecloses the nucleus

2) Ribosomes - makes proteins

3) Golgi Apparatus - transport proteins

4) Plasma/Cell Membrane - cell communication

Cell Structures (2/2)

5) Mitochondrion - "powerhouse", ATP synthesis

6) Lysosome - cellular digestion

7) Cytoskeleton - gives the cell shape

8) Chloroplast - photosynthesis

9) Vacuole - storage

10) Cell Wall - structural support

11) Centrioles - produce spindle fibers

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell (Unique Organelles)

ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-centrioles

ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟ
-cell wall
-chloroplast
-vacuoles

Cell Transport (1/2)

-ＰＡＳＳＩＶＥ-
ᴅɪꜰꜰᴜꜱɪᴏɴ

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬆️" title="Pfeil nach oben" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach oben">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten">
-higher to lower solute concentration
-movement of any particle

ᴏꜱᴍᴏꜱɪꜱ

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬇️" title="Pfeil nach unten" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach unten">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⬆️" title="Pfeil nach oben" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach oben">
-lower to higher concentration
-has to go thru a semi-permeable membrane
-movement of solvent

Cell Transport (2/2)

-ＡＣＴＩＶＥ-
-uses ATP
-more on moving ions and small molecules

-ＢＵＬＫ-
ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-eating

ᴘɪɴᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-cell-drinking

ʀᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛᴏʀ-ᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴇɴᴅᴏᴄʏᴛᴏꜱɪꜱ
-uses receptor proteins on the cell surface

Cell Respiration

ＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ is a ＧＯＫＥ
╰(uses oxygen)

Ⓖ lycolysis
Ⓞ xidation of Pyruvate
Ⓚ reb& #39;s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Ⓔ lectron Tranport Chain

ＡＮＡＥＲＯＢＩＣ
╰(no oxygen)
-aka FERMENTATION
-produces:
Lactic Acid
Alcohol

Photosynthesis

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌱" title="Setzling" aria-label="Emoji: Setzling">

ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ
light energy

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌞" title="Sonne mit Gesicht" aria-label="Emoji: Sonne mit Gesicht">+ H20

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💦" title="Schweißtropfen" aria-label="Emoji: Schweißtropfen">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> chemical energy + Oxygen

ʟɪɢʜᴛ-ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ/ᴄᴀʟᴠɪɴ ᴄʏᴄʟᴇ
-chemical energy (from light dependent) is used
Carbon Dioxide

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> Carbohydrate

Cell Division

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➗" title="Dickes Divisionszeichen" aria-label="Emoji: Dickes Divisionszeichen">

Ⓟ rophase
Ⓟ rometaphase

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="Ⓜ" title="Lateinischer Buchstabe M in Kreis" aria-label="Emoji: Lateinischer Buchstabe M in Kreis"> etaphase
Ⓐ naphase
Ⓣ elophase
PLMAT but change L to P

ＭＩＴＯＳＩＳ
-diploid

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> diploid
-equational
-2 daughter cells
-for growth and repair

ＭＥＩＯＳＩＳ
-diploid

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="➡️" title="Pfeil nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Pfeil nach rechts"> haploid
-reductional
-4 daughter cells
-for reproduction

Under MEIOSIS

ＳＰＥＲＭＡＴＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Spermatogonium
2) Primary Spermatocyte
3) Secondary Spermatocyte
4) Spermatids/Sperms (ʰᵃᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)

ＯＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ
1) Oogonium
2) Primary Oocyte
3) Secondary Oocyte
4) Egg & 3 Polar Bodies (ᵈⁱᵖˡᵒⁱᵈ)

Sexual

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🆚" title="Quadratisches VS" aria-label="Emoji: Quadratisches VS"> Asexual Reproduction

ＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-involves gametes and fertilization
-offsprings are not genetically identical

ＡＳＥＸＵＡＬ
-does NOT involve gametes and fertilization
-no variation in offsprings

ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＳ Terms (1/2)

ᴀʟʟᴇʟᴇꜱ - gene forms for a certain trait
ᴛʀᴀɪᴛ - variant character (red/white)
ɢᴀᴍᴇᴛᴇꜱ - sex cells cotaining hereditary materials
ʜᴏᴍᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - wHOle; purebred (RR)
ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ - half-bred (Rr)

ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＳ Terms (2/2)

ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ - no noticeable effect on organism
ᴅᴏᴍɪɴᴀɴᴛ - expressed gene
ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - PHysical trait
ɢᴇɴᴏᴛʏᴘᴇ - GEnetic trait

2 ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴄʀᴏꜱꜱᴇꜱ (1/2)
(R-red; r-white)

A) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴏᴍᴏxʏɢᴏᴜꜱ ʀᴇᴄᴇꜱꜱɪᴠᴇ
Rr x rr
F1: Rr Rr rr rr
Phenotypes: red red white white
Ratio: 1 red : 1 white
50% : 50%

2 ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴄʀᴏꜱꜱᴇꜱ (2/2)
(R-red; r-white)

B) ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ x ʜᴇᴛᴇʀᴏᴢʏɢᴏᴜꜱ
Rr x Rr
F1: RR Rr RR rr
Phenotypes: red red red white
Ratio: 3 red : 1 white
75% : 25%

ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ʙᴀꜱɪꜱ ᴏꜰ ɪɴʜᴇʀɪᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ
(Disorder and Its Causes)

Down Syndrome - extra Chromosome 21
Patau Syndrome - extra Chr 13
Edward& #39;s SD - extra Chr 18
Klinefelter SD - extra X chr in males
Cri-du-Chat SD - deletion of Chr 5
Turner SD - missing X chr in females

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="ℹ" title="Informationsquelle" aria-label="Emoji: Informationsquelle">ＲＥＭＩＮＤＥＲ

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="ℹ" title="Informationsquelle" aria-label="Emoji: Informationsquelle">

Humans have 23 chromosomes with 46 chromatids.

The 23rd chromosome is the sex chromosome; XX-female, XY-male.

ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴅᴏɢᴍᴀ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄꜱ (1/2)

1) ʀᴇᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - DNA "unzips", and new complementary strand is formed
Base Pairs: Guanine-Cytosine; Adenine-Thymine

2) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱᴄʀɪᴘᴛɪᴏɴ - RNA is created
Base Pairs: Guanince-Cytosine; Adenine-Uracil

ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴅᴏɢᴍᴀ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄꜱ (2/2)

3) ᴛʀᴀɴꜱʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ-RNA is translated to Protein. Three bases code (nucleotides called codon) for one amino acid.

TIP: 1) Replication
2) TransCription
3) TransLation

C comes first before L
Script before Translate

ＴＡＸＯＮＯＭＹ
Levels of Classification
(Ex. Human)

TIP:Ｄid Ｋing Ｐhillip Ｃame Ｏver ＦorＧood Ｓpaghetti

Ⓓ omain Eukarya
Ⓚ ingdom Animalia
Ⓟ hylum Chordata
Ⓒ lass Mammalia
Ⓞ rder Primates
Ⓕ amily Hominidae
Ⓖ enus Homo
Ⓢ pecies Sapiens

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔎" title="Nach rechts zeigende Lupe" aria-label="Emoji: Nach rechts zeigende Lupe">ʙɪɴᴏᴍɪᴀʟ ɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴄʟᴀᴛᴜʀᴇ
(scientific name)

-the system of naming living organisms using two Latinized words
-genus and species

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🔎" title="Nach rechts zeigende Lupe" aria-label="Emoji: Nach rechts zeigende Lupe">ᴄʟᴀᴅɪꜱᴛɪᴄꜱ
-oganisms are categorized into groups based on their common ancestry

Diversity

ＰＬＡＮＴＳ

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌱" title="Setzling" aria-label="Emoji: Setzling">

ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ (Bryophytes)
-ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts

ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ
I) Pteridophytes - spores, ex. ferns
II) Seed Plants - no spores
i) ᴳʸᵐⁿᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - non-flowering

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌲" title="Immergrüner Baum" aria-label="Emoji: Immergrüner Baum">
ii) ᴬⁿᵍⁱᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - flowering

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌻" title="Sonnenblume" aria-label="Emoji: Sonnenblume">

DiversityＰＬＡＮＴＳ https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ (Bryophytes)-ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀI) Pteridophytes - spores, ex. fernsII) Seed Plants - no spores i) ᴳʸᵐⁿᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - non-flowering https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌲" title="Immergrüner Baum" aria-label="Emoji: Immergrüner Baum"> ii) ᴬⁿᵍⁱᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - flowering https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌻" title="Sonnenblume" aria-label="Emoji: Sonnenblume">" title="DiversityＰＬＡＮＴＳ https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌱" title="Setzling" aria-label="Emoji: Setzling">ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀ (Bryophytes)-ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts ᴠᴀꜱᴄᴜʟᴀʀI) Pteridophytes - spores, ex. fernsII) Seed Plants - no spores i) ᴳʸᵐⁿᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - non-flowering https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌲" title="Immergrüner Baum" aria-label="Emoji: Immergrüner Baum"> ii) ᴬⁿᵍⁱᵒˢᵖᵉʳᵐˢ - flowering https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌻" title="Sonnenblume" aria-label="Emoji: Sonnenblume">">

Types of Angiosperms (

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌼" title="Blüte" aria-label="Emoji: Blüte">)

ᴍᴏɴᴏᴄᴏᴛ
-

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="1⃣" title="Tastenkappe Ziffer 1" aria-label="Emoji: Tastenkappe Ziffer 1"> cotyledon
-parallel veined leaves

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌴" title="Palme" aria-label="Emoji: Palme">
-

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="3⃣" title="Tastenkappe Ziffer 3" aria-label="Emoji: Tastenkappe Ziffer 3"> petals
-fibrous roots

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌽" title="Mais-Ähre" aria-label="Emoji: Mais-Ähre">

ᴅɪᴄᴏᴛ
-

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="2⃣" title="Tastenkappe Ziffer 2" aria-label="Emoji: Tastenkappe Ziffer 2"> cotyledons
-netted leaves

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🍁" title="Ahornblatt" aria-label="Emoji: Ahornblatt">
-

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="4⃣" title="Tastenkappe Ziffer 4" aria-label="Emoji: Tastenkappe Ziffer 4"> or

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="5⃣" title="Tastenkappe Ziffer 5" aria-label="Emoji: Tastenkappe Ziffer 5"> petals

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌺" title="Hibiskus" aria-label="Emoji: Hibiskus">
-taproot

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🥕" title="Karotte" aria-label="Emoji: Karotte">

Types of Angiosperms (https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

Parts of a Flower

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌼" title="Blüte" aria-label="Emoji: Blüte">

A) Sepal - protect the floral bud
B) Petals - attracts insects
C) Receptacle - bears the floral organs

PISTIL (female)
-Stigma
-Style
-Ovary
-Ovules

STAMEN (male)
-Anther
-FilaMENt

Parts of a Flower https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

A) Sepal - protect the floral budB) Petals - attracts insectsC) Receptacle - bears the floral organsPISTIL (female)-Stigma-Style-Ovary-OvulesSTAMEN (male)-Anther-FilaMENt" title="Parts of a Flower https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🌼" title="Blüte" aria-label="Emoji: Blüte">A) Sepal - protect the floral budB) Petals - attracts insectsC) Receptacle - bears the floral organsPISTIL (female)-Stigma-Style-Ovary-OvulesSTAMEN (male)-Anther-FilaMENt" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

ＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮ

ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ - possession of favorable characteristics

ʟᴀᴍᴀʀᴄᴋ - traits acquired by an organism are passed on to its offspring (inherited)

ᴄʜᴀʀʟᴇꜱ ᴅᴀʀᴡɪɴ& #39;ꜱ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ ᴏꜰ ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ꜱᴇʟᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ - "survival of the fittest"

Latest Threads Unrolled: