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In 1867, The British North America Act established two separate groups of Canadians:
Canadians, and "Indians"
Importantly it assigned legislative authority to the federal government over "Indians, and Lands reserved for Indians"
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/30-31/3/enacted
Canadians, and "Indians"
Importantly it assigned legislative authority to the federal government over "Indians, and Lands reserved for Indians"
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/30-31/3/enacted
Generally 1870s is considered the start of residental schooling
The practice actually started in New France in 1620, the church had already begun the process of genocide of the native cultures before becoming entrenched in government policy
http://fgrs.ca/
The practice actually started in New France in 1620, the church had already begun the process of genocide of the native cultures before becoming entrenched in government policy
http://fgrs.ca/
Government funding increased the spread of Residential schooling after 1870s with over 130 schools and more than 150,000 children seperated from families during operation
The last residential school closed in 1996, many people still live with the impacts of the practice today
The last residential school closed in 1996, many people still live with the impacts of the practice today
In 1876 Canada passed "The Indian Act" to consolidate governance over native peoples cementing a system of cultural genocide that has continues to this day
In 1906 Helen MacMurchy appointed Ontario's "Inspector of the Feeble-minded" developing ideas in response to the growing international eugenics movement applied to disabled people
By 1920 she had published a study promoting segregation and sterilization
https://archive.org/details/almostsastudyfe00macmgoog
By 1920 she had published a study promoting segregation and sterilization
https://archive.org/details/almostsastudyfe00macmgoog
1908-1928 The Grain Growers Guide featured many independent writers on topics such as sufferage, motherhood, and child-rearing
Eugenic theory propagated among early suffragettes as they discussed the best way to birth and bring up kids
http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/GGG/
Eugenic theory propagated among early suffragettes as they discussed the best way to birth and bring up kids
http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/GGG/
In 1910, Canada passed the Immigration Act to ensure people of "prohibited classes" would be denied entry with a system for deportation
These prohibited classes were highly defined by eugenic terms "unfit", "physically defective", etc.
https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/immigration-act-1910
These prohibited classes were highly defined by eugenic terms "unfit", "physically defective", etc.
https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/immigration-act-1910
In 1921, Dr.Hincks released the Mental Hygiene Survey of... Alberta stoking fears about genetic deficiency in immigrants and expressing support for sterilization as a solution accelerating Eugenics in western Canada
https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/constellations/index.php/constellations/article/view/10496/8078
https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/constellations/index.php/constellations/article/view/10496/8078
Concerns about immigrants in western Canada led to "An Act Respecting Chinese Immigration" to be passed in 1923 to further limit the perceived influx of "undesirables" & the "mentally incompetent or defective"
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923#:~:text=The%20Chinese%20Immigration%20Act%2C%201923%2C%20known%20in%20the,policies%20are%20discriminatory%20while%20the%20subject%20remains%20controversial.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923#:~:text=The%20Chinese%20Immigration%20Act%2C%201923%2C%20known%20in%20the,policies%20are%20discriminatory%20while%20the%20subject%20remains%20controversial.
In 1923, the Provential Training School was setup in Red Deer, Alberta and after the Sexual Sterilization Act in 1928 referred many children to the Eugenics Board to be sterilized for being "mentally defective" https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248912597_Contested_memories_Efforts_of_the_powerful_to_silence_former_inmates%27_histories_of_life_in_an_institution_for_%27mental_defectives%27
In 1927, the Canadian Medical Assn. Journal published an editorial promoting eugenics
"Eugenics and The Medical Profession"
This began the scientific community official support for the Eugenics movement in Canada https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC407753/
"Eugenics and The Medical Profession"
This began the scientific community official support for the Eugenics movement in Canada https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC407753/
In 1932, Emily Murphy publishes "Overpopulation and Birth Control" tying together raciology concepts like "race suicide" with the practice of Eugenics in Canadian Society and concerns about Over-population
In 1937, Alberta amends the Sexual Sterilization Act to protect it from public outcry leading to an approx 3x increase in the number of aboriginal people being sterilized
Similar changes in law were proposed/enacted across Canada in years to come
http://sterilizedeugenicsarchive.ca/discover/timeline/517301cceed5c60000000027
Similar changes in law were proposed/enacted across Canada in years to come
http://sterilizedeugenicsarchive.ca/discover/timeline/517301cceed5c60000000027
In 1951, Amendments to The Indian Act introduce the term "mentally incompetent indian" fast tracking the sterilization pipeline from residental schools to institutions
https://www.canada.ca/en/crown-indigenous-relations-northern-affairs/news/2019/08/removal-of-the-1951-cut-off.html
https://www.canada.ca/en/crown-indigenous-relations-northern-affairs/news/2019/08/removal-of-the-1951-cut-off.html
From 1960s to the 1980s the "Sixties Scoop" was a cultural movement to kidnap aboriginal children from their family homes under the assumption they were "unfit parents" considerably genociding the remaining aboriginal culture, driven by Euro-Canadians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixties_Scoop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixties_Scoop
In 1972, the Alberta Eugenics Board is finally disbanded after approving a recorded 2832 sterilizations
This was the formalization of anti-eugenic sentiment that drove the practice of sterilization into the shadows of political discourse
This was the formalization of anti-eugenic sentiment that drove the practice of sterilization into the shadows of political discourse
In 1982, The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms officially making all laws inconsistent with it null and void ending official protection for eugenics at the federal level
In 1995, Leilani Muir sued the Alberta Government for sterilizing her as a child
It was a landmark case the substantiated the legal case against eugenics in Canada, please listen to her story told by her in this video(please)
It was a landmark case the substantiated the legal case against eugenics in Canada, please listen to her story told by her in this video(please)
Following Muir's successful case hundreds of people stepped forward
The most recent of which is a class action lawsuit of sterilizations from 2001-2008, preying on poor education doctors coerce patients into tubal ligation without knowledge of the effects https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/18/canada-indigenous-women-coerced-sterlilization-class-action-lawsuit
The most recent of which is a class action lawsuit of sterilizations from 2001-2008, preying on poor education doctors coerce patients into tubal ligation without knowledge of the effects https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/18/canada-indigenous-women-coerced-sterlilization-class-action-lawsuit
Eugenic sentiments continue to thrive in our Canadian society with concerns about immigration, race, genetics, over-population etc
When you build a nation on Genocide and Colonialism it turns out to have a lasting influence on culture
#CanadaDay2020 #cndpoli
When you build a nation on Genocide and Colonialism it turns out to have a lasting influence on culture
#CanadaDay2020 #cndpoli
For my sources and more this is a great resource to study from http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/5233c9085c2ec50000000093
