The Insurgency in Balochistan is waged by Baloch nationalists against the governments of Pakistan and Iran in the Balochistan region.

Based on content analysis of rhetoric used by Baloch militant groups in both states: the reasons behind the insurgency are..

Since the annexation of Balochistan by Pakistan in 1948, resistance by Baloch has risen since then as a result of policy and constitutional changes that weakened Balochistan's autonomy.

As for Iran, Jundollah operations began in 2003 and a result of further repression of the Baloch in terms of ethnicity, religion, and failure to assimilate. In addition, while the Baloch militant in Pakistan mainly demand further autonomy or secession from Pakistan

Jundollah in Iran has expressed in their rhetoric that they are defending ethnic Baloch and Iranian Sunni Muslims from state repression. The literature confirms that the Baloch are also driven by Iran’s failure to assimilate Sunni minority into the government.

Therefore, Baloch are experiencing marginalization and failure to assimilate through ethnic and religious spectrums. Authors, such as Ghaffari (2009), believe that the insurgency in Iran will reduce tremendously if the Baloch were given more political representation.

Therefore, unlike the Baloch in Pakistan, political violence by insurgents in Iran is a result of Iran’s failure to assimilate the ethnic and religious minority. Whereas in Pakistan, separatists want to restore khanate of kalat (1666 - 1955), a princely state in the centre of the

modern-day annexed province of Balochistan, Pakistan.

Last but not least, historical map of Balochistan + flag.