Thread concerning policing and "bad apples":
Some states, like Missouri, track vehicle stop, search, and arrest reports that includes the demographic information of drivers stopped by the police. Every state should do this btw (looking at you, Mississippi)

Missouri's yearly reports include a "disparity index" score for each law enforcement agency. This score reflects each racial/ethnic group’s proportion of total traffic stops to its proportion of the driving-age (16+) population.

A value of 1 indicates that a group’s proportion of vehicle stops equals its population proportion: it is neither "under-represented" nor "over-represented."

Values above 1 indicate over-representation, and those below 1 indicate under-representation in traffic stops.

Statewide, in 2018 Blacks represented 10.9% of Missouri’s driving-age population but 19.2% of all vehicle stops, for a disparity index of 1.76. Put differently, Blacks were stopped at a rate 76% greater than expected based upon their portion of the population.

But here's where "bad apples" really collapses. For 2018, in no county with even a modest Black population was the disparity index for Black people 1 or or less. https://ago.mo.gov/home/vehicle-stops-report/2018-executive-summary

In Ferguson, Blacks make up two-thirds of the population and yet are stopped at a rate 42 percent greater than their share of the population.

In neighboring Florrissant, the disparity is even worse.

This is what a lot of us mean when we say the problem is with the institution of law enforcement. It's not about "bad apples". It's about bad institutions
#BlackLivesMatter
#racism
#Minneapolis

And because some folks might believe the reasons that Black people are stopped more is because they were doing something wrong, here is Missouri's statewide contraband hit data

White drivers are slightly more likely to have contraband in their vehicles than Black drivers (35.7 to 33.8 percent). Yet Black drivers are still more likely to have their vehicles searched and be arrested than white drivers.