Individual type 45 destroyers (Dragon/Diamond) and type 23 frigates (Richmond/Westminster) with their sensors and weapons shown. Each capable in their own right and able to perform individual taskings as required.

Bring them together around a carrier and you combine that together in to a powerful wall of sensors and weapons able to take on a greater threat. With the added benefit of carrier aviation.

Surface Sensor range (Yellow) and Surface Weapon range (Red) with Harpoon shown here having the longest reach at 75nm.

Air Sensor range (White) and Air Weapon range (Pinkish). The T-45 providing the longest reach with its PAAMS system and Aster missiles which is able to cover a wide area.

T-23 with a more modest CAMM able to cover itself and local area.

Underwater Sensor (Light Green) and Underwater Weapon range (Dark Green). The T-23 with its towed sonar can search a wide area and at variable depths. The T-23 & T-45 also carry a more modest hull sonar.

Attack options with Stingray torps are limited to the T-23 at short range.

Merlin HM2 carried by the T-23 and in cooperation with are able to use their dipping sonar, sonobuoys and torpedoes to hunt for and prosecute submarines in a wide area. They also have a surface radar for surveillance.

The carrier and RFA allow more to be carried and on station.

Wildcat HMA2 carried by the T-45 provides a wide area surface search capability with its radar. It can also carry torpedoes.

In the near future it will provide force protection with Martlet (Anti-fast attack craft) and Sea Venom (Anti-small/medium ship).

Merlin Crowsnest carried by the carrier provides a surface search capability, and more importantly air search capability with its Searchwater radar. Allowing the group to see aerial threats further out and over the horizon.

Carrier based F-35s supported by the group and using their own sensors are able to push out up to 500nm to engage land, air and sea targets.

While not directly attached, there will always be a nuclear attack submarine supporting the group in its operational area. Providing at distance surveillance, anti-submarine and anti-shipping, enabling more freedom of maneuver.

Land based P-8 Poseidon MPA provide an additional layer
with long range surface search and anti-shipping. They are also able to deploy sonobuoys to track submarines and prosecute them with torpedoes.

Honorable mentions to:

The RFA Tide-class providing fuel & Fort Vic providing fuel & solid stores to keep the task group going. They also carry additional helicopters.

Merlin MK4 providing essential search and rescue, joint personnel recovery and intra-theare lift.

Hope you enjoyed my very simplistic break down of what makes a carrier task group and the capability it provides. Throw in some allied assets for good measure.