A decent guideline for the quality of a hero's rogues gallery is how many of those rogues can be considered arch-enemies.

Batman: Joker, sure, but also Bane. Ra's al Ghul and The Penguin are strong contenders.
Spider-Man: Green Goblin, Doc Ock, & Venom all fighting for top spot.

Captain America: Red Skull, Baron Zemo, Arnim Zola, toss in the Serpent Society?

Daredevil: Bullseye and Kingpin share the top spot, Punisher is a classic anti-villain.

Superman: Lex Luthor, General Zod, Brainiac, Doomsday, gosh there are just so many.

Don't even get me started on Thor. His rogues gallery is the best kept secret in Marvel Comics.

Loki, Malekith, Mangog, The Wrecking Crew, The Absorbing Man, Hela, Surtur, Ulik, The Enchantress and The Executioner, Gorr, Kurse, Ares

In my opinion a large failing of Marvel in terms of its female heroes is the lack of iconic rogues. There are many factors to consider but superheroines who should be top tier just haven't been given enough quality foes to fight, and as such don't have the spotlight they deserve.

As an example, one of my favourites, Carol Danvers. During her years, as both Ms Marvel and Captain Marvel, she has had quite a few decent storylines, but only a couple substantial villains.

Yon-Rogg is a good origin story baddie. Minn-Erva has potential. Deathbird... exists?

Carol's most mentioned villains are often shared by other heroes. MODOK, Ronan the Accuser, Moonstone, Mystique. She's had memorable clashes with them, but she can't really claim them as her arch-enemies, can she?

Recently we've had Star, which is a step in the right direction.

I also believe an effect of "writing for the trade", "sympathetic villains", and other modern writing practices (including killing villains off tbh) has the potential to limit rogues gallery development.

Throwing ideas at the wall is good! Comically evil villains are good!

If you want an example of "the old way" being prime learning material, check out the first, say, ten issues of Lee and Kirby's Amazing Spider-Man. So many iconic, long-lasting villains just thrown at the reader in rapid succession. And then they were BROUGHT BACK. Time and again.

Classic Iron Fist is a pretty decent example of this approach not working, by the way. Many of the villains were either a bit bland or simply didn't make a return. How am I supposed to remember the dude who appeared in one comic, even if they had the most imaginative design?

A lot of the problem with villains not returning is that when a new writer comes in they want to make an impact with their OC. Which I get. But how many iconic storylines have introduced new villains? Developing pre-existing characters is the key to making them truly memorable.

This is absolutely a ramble with no clear thesis, but I hope some of the ideas I've brought up are interesting enough to get you thinking!