This talking point needs to die:

XX = female
XY = male

No. We understood what males & females were before discovering chromosomes. Y chromosomes usually carry the gene for male development, but not always. An individual's sex is defined by reproductive anatomy, not chromosomes.

The individuals of many reptile species develop into males or females based on temperature during development. No sex chromosomes, but still clearly decipherable sexes based on reproductive anatomy.

This is how we sex individuals of *every* species.