This is what happens to aluminum when hit by a 1/2 oz (~14g) piece of plastic going 15,000 mph (~24000 km/h) in space https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="đź’Ą" title="Symbol fĂĽr eine Kollision" aria-label="Emoji: Symbol fĂĽr eine Kollision">

#Hypervelocity
https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👆" title="Rückhand Zeigefinger nach oben" aria-label="Emoji: Rückhand Zeigefinger nach oben"> shows the violence a little piece of orbiting space debris can wreak on a spacecraft https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛰" title="Satellit" aria-label="Emoji: Satellit">

#Hypervelocity
That’s the great thing about Kinetic Energy (KE):

KE = ½mv^2

Velocity is *far* more important than mass. Doesn’t matter how light something is...if it’s moving really fast, it can pack a serious punch!

#Hypervelocity
For quick reference:

a high-powered rifle bullet goes about 1500 mph

(wayyy slower than that 15000 mph plastic space debris!)

#Hypervelocity
So how do we protect spacecraft against this orbital shooting range?

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">Advanced Shieldshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

There are various concepts that have been developed and tested, and now help to protect spacecraft like the @Space_Station https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="đź›°" title="Satellit" aria-label="Emoji: Satellit">

Here are some different types...

#Hypervelocity
This is a “Monolithic Shield” https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

It’s your brute force approach and does not win any points for ingenuity.

It’s simply a slab of aluminum capable of absorbing the entire force of the impact.

#Hypervelocity
This is a “Whipple Shield”https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

It’s the first spacecraft shield ever implemented. Introduced by Fred Whipple in the 1940’s, it’s still used today.

It uses a sacrificial bumper -usually aluminum- in front of the spacecraft, allowing it to absorb the initial impact.

#Hypervelocity
This is a “Stuffed Whipple” Shield https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

It’s a variation of the simple Whipple.

Layers of Nextel and Kevlar are inserted between the bumper and rear wall to shock and pulverize the debris cloud even more https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="đź’Ş" title="Angespannter Bizeps" aria-label="Emoji: Angespannter Bizeps">

#Hypervelocity
This is a “Stuffed Whipple” Shield https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=It’s a variation of the simple Whipple. Layers of Nextel and Kevlar are inserted between the bumper and rear wall to shock and pulverize the debris cloud even more https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💪" title="Angespannter Bizeps" aria-label="Emoji: Angespannter Bizeps"> #Hypervelocity" title="This is a “Stuffed Whipple” Shield https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">It’s a variation of the simple Whipple. Layers of Nextel and Kevlar are inserted between the bumper and rear wall to shock and pulverize the debris cloud even more https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="💪" title="Angespannter Bizeps" aria-label="Emoji: Angespannter Bizeps"> #Hypervelocity" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>
This is a “Multi Shock Shield” https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏆" title="Trophäe" aria-label="Emoji: Trophäe">This is a popular design

It staggers layers of Nextel at specified standoff distances. The multiple layers repeatedly shock that debris until the remaining fragments are harmless against the rear wall.

#Hypervelocity
This is a “Multi Shock Shield” https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏆" title="Trophäe" aria-label="Emoji: Trophäe">This is a popular design It staggers layers of Nextel at specified standoff distances. The multiple layers repeatedly shock that debris until the remaining fragments are harmless against the rear wall. #Hypervelocity" title="This is a “Multi Shock Shield” https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏆" title="Trophäe" aria-label="Emoji: Trophäe">This is a popular design It staggers layers of Nextel at specified standoff distances. The multiple layers repeatedly shock that debris until the remaining fragments are harmless against the rear wall. #Hypervelocity" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>
This is a “Honeycomb Panel”https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

Many spacecraft are designed using Aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel structures (what’s with all the food refs?).

These panels are tested and evaluated for their MMOD shielding capabilities.

MMOD = MicroMeteoroid and Orbital Debris

#Hypervelocity
This is a “Foam Panel” https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

Metallic foam sandwich panels provide structural support - they’re similar to honeycomb panels, but have improved MMOD shielding capabilities.

Metallic foam panels are being tested and evaluated for future spacecraft designs.

#Hypervelocity
Lastly, this is a “Transhab Shield”https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛡" title="Schild" aria-label="Emoji: Schild">

This shield is a prototype developed for a future human-rated mission to Mars, and consists of layers of Mylar, Nextel, Kevlar, & Foam (cored out).

Foam is used because it’s desired that shielding be compressible for launch.

#Hypervelocity
For more information on shield development and hypervelocity impact technologies:

@Astromaterials https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="đź’Ą" title="Symbol fĂĽr eine Kollision" aria-label="Emoji: Symbol fĂĽr eine Kollision">

https://hvit.jsc.nasa.gov/shield-development/

https://hvit.jsc.nasa.gov/shield-de... href="https://twtext.com//hashtag/Hypervelocity"> #Hypervelocity
...and then I found the videos...

#Hypervelocity
This is an impact test for the @Space_Station lab module shieldinghttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="đź’Ą" title="Symbol fĂĽr eine Kollision" aria-label="Emoji: Symbol fĂĽr eine Kollision">

Purpose: generate damage representative of potential impacts on the ISS

Video: a ~0.4 inch (10 mm) aluminum sphere “micrometeoroid” impacting an orbital debris shield @ 12300 mph (~19800 km/hr)

#Hypervelocity
For any fans of shooting/marksmanship *and* space sciences, I think I found your perfect job:

High Velocity Impact Testing and Advanced Spacecraft Shielding Materials.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Rückhand Zeigefinger nach rechts" aria-label="Emoji: Rückhand Zeigefinger nach rechts"> https://hvit.jsc.nasa.gov/hypervelocity-testing/

https://hvit.jsc.nasa.gov/hypervelo... href="https://twtext.com//hashtag/Hypervelocity"> #Hypervelocity #Engineering
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