Read on Twitter
1/25
Covid-19 has created a proverbial 'perfect storm'. While we are fighting an unprecedented medical crisis, the after-effects of this pandemic will have far-reaching implications.
A #thread on a commonly heard legal term - #ForceMajeure and its' business ramifications
Covid-19 has created a proverbial 'perfect storm'. While we are fighting an unprecedented medical crisis, the after-effects of this pandemic will have far-reaching implications.
A #thread on a commonly heard legal term - #ForceMajeure and its' business ramifications
2/25
First, here is why I think this topic is relevant. Google trends for the search term âForce Majeureâ shows an exponential rise, the highest in last 16 years. A comparison with the search term ârecessionâ shows little to no correlation with 2008-09 crisis.
Letâs see why.
First, here is why I think this topic is relevant. Google trends for the search term âForce Majeureâ shows an exponential rise, the highest in last 16 years. A comparison with the search term ârecessionâ shows little to no correlation with 2008-09 crisis.
Letâs see why.
3/25
Have divided the thread in three parts:
a) Concept & genesis (4-6) â One may skip to b) if aware/ not keen
b) Facts & current developments across industries (7-17)
c) Inference & future implications (18-25)
Note: Not an expert on legal matters and sharing basis my reading
Have divided the thread in three parts:
a) Concept & genesis (4-6) â One may skip to b) if aware/ not keen
b) Facts & current developments across industries (7-17)
c) Inference & future implications (18-25)
Note: Not an expert on legal matters and sharing basis my reading
4/25
âForce Majeureâ is a French term that translates to âa greater forceâ. Legally, it is a clause that removes financial liability from a person/ company for not fulfilling a contractual obligation due to an unforeseeable event, inter-changeably called an âact of godâ.
Eg:
âForce Majeureâ is a French term that translates to âa greater forceâ. Legally, it is a clause that removes financial liability from a person/ company for not fulfilling a contractual obligation due to an unforeseeable event, inter-changeably called an âact of godâ.
Eg:
5/25
For events to constitute Force Majeure, they must be âunforeseeableâ, âexternal to the partiesâ of the contract and âunavoidableâ.
Indian Contract Act, 1872, the governing law, is SILENT on the term (but mentions 'impossible act'). Absence here does not mean it is implied.
For events to constitute Force Majeure, they must be âunforeseeableâ, âexternal to the partiesâ of the contract and âunavoidableâ.
Indian Contract Act, 1872, the governing law, is SILENT on the term (but mentions 'impossible act'). Absence here does not mean it is implied.
6/25
However, the Finance Ministry on Feb 19th clarified that disruption in supply chain due to spread of coronavirus qualifies as a Force Majeure event, and companies and businesses can invoke the clause subject to conditions mentioned and after following the due procedure.
However, the Finance Ministry on Feb 19th clarified that disruption in supply chain due to spread of coronavirus qualifies as a Force Majeure event, and companies and businesses can invoke the clause subject to conditions mentioned and after following the due procedure.
7/25
The lockdown & uncertainty of economic recovery has led to a cash crunch and resulted in widespread invocation of the Force Majeure clause (FMC) across industries, especially those with large share of fixed expenses.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/high-fixed-costs-to-weigh-more-on-infra-it-realty-hospitality/articleshow/74941365.cms?from=mdr
And the noise is getting louder:
The lockdown & uncertainty of economic recovery has led to a cash crunch and resulted in widespread invocation of the Force Majeure clause (FMC) across industries, especially those with large share of fixed expenses.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/high-fixed-costs-to-weigh-more-on-infra-it-realty-hospitality/articleshow/74941365.cms?from=mdr
And the noise is getting louder:
8/25
Industry wise developments in India:
A.MULTIPLEXES:
Both PVR and Inox (+others) have invoked âact of godâ & decided not to pay rent (during lockdown) to mall owners. Rental ranges b/w 15-20% of revenues & is the largest fixed cost (~45%).
Read: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/covid-19-impact-multiplexes-call-for-rent-suspension/articleshow/74879139.cms?from=mdr
Industry wise developments in India:
A.MULTIPLEXES:
Both PVR and Inox (+others) have invoked âact of godâ & decided not to pay rent (during lockdown) to mall owners. Rental ranges b/w 15-20% of revenues & is the largest fixed cost (~45%).
Read: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/covid-19-impact-multiplexes-call-for-rent-suspension/articleshow/74879139.cms?from=mdr
9/25
B.AUTOMOTIVE OEMs:
Eicher Motors has invoked FMC to select vendors, Hero Motocorp has suspended payments to suppliers, so has Volvo. We can expect to hear more in coming days.
Allied reading: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/crisis-in-auto-sector-deepens-as-several-oems-delay-payments-to-suppliers-11585722473145.html
B.AUTOMOTIVE OEMs:
Eicher Motors has invoked FMC to select vendors, Hero Motocorp has suspended payments to suppliers, so has Volvo. We can expect to hear more in coming days.
Allied reading: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/crisis-in-auto-sector-deepens-as-several-oems-delay-payments-to-suppliers-11585722473145.html
10/25
C.PORTS and LOGISTICS:
7-8 ports (Krishnapatnam, Dhamra + Mundra (Adani Ports), Tuna, Gopalpur, Karaikal & Gangavaram) have declared FMC. The Ministry of Shipping has directed all ports to not levy penalties on port users for delay.
Good read: https://maritime-executive.com/article/india-invokes-force-majeure-on-major-port-operations
C.PORTS and LOGISTICS:
7-8 ports (Krishnapatnam, Dhamra + Mundra (Adani Ports), Tuna, Gopalpur, Karaikal & Gangavaram) have declared FMC. The Ministry of Shipping has directed all ports to not levy penalties on port users for delay.
Good read: https://maritime-executive.com/article/india-invokes-force-majeure-on-major-port-operations
11/25
D.OIL AND GAS
HPCL has invoked FMC on Iraqi oil to cancel 2 oil cargoes, as local fuel demand is hit by lockdown. GAIL has sent FMC to ONGC, Petro LNG. So has IOC to Middle East based players. Itâs a chain reaction & complicated.
See image.
Read: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/shuttered-buyers-send-force-majeure-notices-to-energy-cos/articleshow/74920676.cms?from=mdr
D.OIL AND GAS
HPCL has invoked FMC on Iraqi oil to cancel 2 oil cargoes, as local fuel demand is hit by lockdown. GAIL has sent FMC to ONGC, Petro LNG. So has IOC to Middle East based players. Itâs a chain reaction & complicated.
See image.
Read: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/shuttered-buyers-send-force-majeure-notices-to-energy-cos/articleshow/74920676.cms?from=mdr
12/25
E.AIRLINES
It is no secret that airlines are in a precarious state, with few even struggling for survival. It is no surprise that many airlines are invoking FPC and denying refunds to passengers.
E.AIRLINES
It is no secret that airlines are in a precarious state, with few even struggling for survival. It is no surprise that many airlines are invoking FPC and denying refunds to passengers.
13/25
F.RAILWAYS
Considering freeze on Central railway till April 14th, Indian railways has declared FMC and waived all charges levied due to detention of rolling stock, delays, etc.
PS: This waiver co-incided with the bottoming out of IRCTC btw.
F.RAILWAYS
Considering freeze on Central railway till April 14th, Indian railways has declared FMC and waived all charges levied due to detention of rolling stock, delays, etc.
PS: This waiver co-incided with the bottoming out of IRCTC btw.
14/25
G.RENEWABLE energy and solar power
Details in image below:
G.RENEWABLE energy and solar power
Details in image below:
15/25
H.REAL ESTATE
Covid-19 has aggravated the liquidity crunch in Real Estate and calls for FMC are arising. The views of the President of the Real estate body #NAREDCO Mr. Niranjan Hiranandani in image.
Allied good read: https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2020/04/covid-19-impact-on-real-estate/
H.REAL ESTATE
Covid-19 has aggravated the liquidity crunch in Real Estate and calls for FMC are arising. The views of the President of the Real estate body #NAREDCO Mr. Niranjan Hiranandani in image.
Allied good read: https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2020/04/covid-19-impact-on-real-estate/
16/25
I.RETAIL
This is where it gets a little murky. Even Reliance Retail has invoked FMC to not pay the rent due to the outbreak of coronavirus.
If he canât, who can?
https://www.iknockfashion.com/reliance-retail-invokes-act-of-god-due-to-covid-19/
I.RETAIL
This is where it gets a little murky. Even Reliance Retail has invoked FMC to not pay the rent due to the outbreak of coronavirus.
If he canât, who can?
https://www.iknockfashion.com/reliance-retail-invokes-act-of-god-due-to-covid-19/
17/25
http://J.INSURANCE
As more and more industries invoke FMC, aka Act of God, the Insurance segment, which showed early stress post #Covid, is showing signs of easing.
One may remember this famous scene from the movie OMG: Oh My God
http://J.INSURANCE
As more and more industries invoke FMC, aka Act of God, the Insurance segment, which showed early stress post #Covid, is showing signs of easing.
One may remember this famous scene from the movie OMG: Oh My God
18/25
INFERENCE AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
The big Q. - Is #COVID19 a #ForceMajeure event? Can this cascade into large scale termination of contracts?
The jury will be out to debate this once the lockdown is over and we start the path towards normalcy. Can be case to case basis.
INFERENCE AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
The big Q. - Is #COVID19 a #ForceMajeure event? Can this cascade into large scale termination of contracts?
The jury will be out to debate this once the lockdown is over and we start the path towards normalcy. Can be case to case basis.
19/25
Courts place the burden on the party invoking breach of contract via Force majeure defense to demonstrate its' existence.
Misuse of FMC: It is likely that many companies misuse the COVID-19 situation to escape out of payment or performance. Hence the complication.
Courts place the burden on the party invoking breach of contract via Force majeure defense to demonstrate its' existence.
Misuse of FMC: It is likely that many companies misuse the COVID-19 situation to escape out of payment or performance. Hence the complication.
20/25
Sector wise views:
MULTIPLEX: As per call, Inox has sent letters to 132 mall owners invoking FMCs for rent. Received 15 replies: 7-8 agreed, 4-5 opposed, while 4-5 are proposing 50-50 sharing of burden.
Current cash of ~100 cr = 3-4 months of Fixed Cost @~30-35 cr/ month.
Sector wise views:
MULTIPLEX: As per call, Inox has sent letters to 132 mall owners invoking FMCs for rent. Received 15 replies: 7-8 agreed, 4-5 opposed, while 4-5 are proposing 50-50 sharing of burden.
Current cash of ~100 cr = 3-4 months of Fixed Cost @~30-35 cr/ month.
21/25
For AUTO, the virtuous cycle of deferring payments might lead to withering away of small auto comp players and massive job cuts.
OEMs can defer payment to auto comp manufacturers, but a large chunk of RM cost is via imports, which cannot be passed on.
Result â Job cuts.
For AUTO, the virtuous cycle of deferring payments might lead to withering away of small auto comp players and massive job cuts.
OEMs can defer payment to auto comp manufacturers, but a large chunk of RM cost is via imports, which cannot be passed on.
Result â Job cuts.
22/25
For MULTIPLEXES, where the âbargaining powerâ is split between the mall owners and multiplex owners, a common path may be found.
But auto ancillary players hardly have any âbargaining powerâ over the OEMs, which shows which way the wind might blow.
For MULTIPLEXES, where the âbargaining powerâ is split between the mall owners and multiplex owners, a common path may be found.
But auto ancillary players hardly have any âbargaining powerâ over the OEMs, which shows which way the wind might blow.
23/25
The ramification on ENERGY sectors, given the global supply chains, is geo-political in nature and difficult to assess. One would also needs a view on the future direction of oil prices, which I donât have.
The ramification on ENERGY sectors, given the global supply chains, is geo-political in nature and difficult to assess. One would also needs a view on the future direction of oil prices, which I donât have.
24/25
AIRLINES
IMO, most should sail through with extension of lease rentals (some structuring) and some salary cuts and even some job losses. Cuts have already been announced at #Spicejet.
Also, one may expect some consolidation.
AIRLINES
IMO, most should sail through with extension of lease rentals (some structuring) and some salary cuts and even some job losses. Cuts have already been announced at #Spicejet.
Also, one may expect some consolidation.
25/25
CONCLUSION
Once the medical battle is over, the wide-spread invocation of FMC indicates an ensuing legal battle. The best hope is to expect clear guidelines from Ministry to ensure speedy resolution. But the path to recovery will be full of new challenges.
Views invited.
CONCLUSION
Once the medical battle is over, the wide-spread invocation of FMC indicates an ensuing legal battle. The best hope is to expect clear guidelines from Ministry to ensure speedy resolution. But the path to recovery will be full of new challenges.
Views invited.
PS: I am starting a free whatsapp broadcast list this weekend covering details in the image.
If you want, you may join via the link (you will need to save my contact to start receiving): http://bit.ly/2P1OHoC
If you want, you may join via the link (you will need to save my contact to start receiving): http://bit.ly/2P1OHoC
Got this via a document shared by someone. Good perspective on Covid and FMC in this.
