Thread by @SatyaAnveshak, Ancient Indian culture has transformed our modern lives in the most fundamental [...]

Ancient Indian culture has transformed our modern lives in the most fundamental ways.

With inventions touching daily life to the most complex academic discourses, Indian were among the world’s greatest innovators.

A #thread on India’s

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇳" title="Flag of India" aria-label="Emoji: Flag of India"> contributions from the past!

Ancient Indian culture has transformed our modern lives in the most fundamental ways. With inventions touching daily life to the most complex academic discourses, Indian were among the world’s greatest innovators. A #thread on India’s https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

contributions from the past!" title="Ancient Indian culture has transformed our modern lives in the most fundamental ways. With inventions touching daily life to the most complex academic discourses, Indian were among the world’s greatest innovators. A #thread on India’s https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇳" title="Flag of India" aria-label="Emoji: Flag of India"> contributions from the past!" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

1. Zero
The number one invention of ancient India was ‘nothing’ / ‘naught’ or to be more precise ‘zero’

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="0⃣" title="Keycap digit zero" aria-label="Emoji: Keycap digit zero">.

It revolutionised mathematics.

It is for this revolution that zero brought to calculation (or ease of it), Einstein once remarked, “The Indians taught us how to count”.

1. ZeroThe number one invention of ancient India was ‘nothing’ / ‘naught’ or to be more precise ‘zero’ https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

. It revolutionised mathematics. It is for this revolution that zero brought to calculation (or ease of it), Einstein once remarked, “The Indians taught us how to count”." title="1. ZeroThe number one invention of ancient India was ‘nothing’ / ‘naught’ or to be more precise ‘zero’ https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="0⃣" title="Keycap digit zero" aria-label="Emoji: Keycap digit zero">. It revolutionised mathematics. It is for this revolution that zero brought to calculation (or ease of it), Einstein once remarked, “The Indians taught us how to count”." class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

Q: Why did zero matter so much?

A: Before the arrival of the Indian numbering system with zero included, world had only Roman numerals to work with.

Even a simple maths was a big struggle

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😰" title="Face with open mouth and cold sweat" aria-label="Emoji: Face with open mouth and cold sweat">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😰" title="Face with open mouth and cold sweat" aria-label="Emoji: Face with open mouth and cold sweat">

Imagine dividing MMDCCCVIII by IV

(M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1)

Q: Why did zero matter so much? A: Before the arrival of the Indian numbering system with zero included, world had only Roman numerals to work with. Even a simple maths was a big struggle https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😰" title="Face with open mouth and cold sweat" aria-label="Emoji: Face with open mouth and cold sweat">Imagine dividing MMDCCCVIII by IV (M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1)" title="Q: Why did zero matter so much? A: Before the arrival of the Indian numbering system with zero included, world had only Roman numerals to work with. Even a simple maths was a big struggle https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😰" title="Face with open mouth and cold sweat" aria-label="Emoji: Face with open mouth and cold sweat">https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="😰" title="Face with open mouth and cold sweat" aria-label="Emoji: Face with open mouth and cold sweat">Imagine dividing MMDCCCVIII by IV (M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1)" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

For the modern reader it is just dividing 2808 by 4

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👍" title="Thumbs up" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs up">

Indian numbering system & arithmetic made it so easy for an ordinary brain.

Before that the maths computation using awful Roman numerals (using abacuses) in the medieval world was the preserve of a specialised, gifted few.

For the modern reader it is just dividing 2808 by 4 https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

Indian numbering system & arithmetic made it so easy for an ordinary brain.Before that the maths computation using awful Roman numerals (using abacuses) in the medieval world was the preserve of a specialised, gifted few." title="For the modern reader it is just dividing 2808 by 4 https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👍" title="Thumbs up" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs up">Indian numbering system & arithmetic made it so easy for an ordinary brain.Before that the maths computation using awful Roman numerals (using abacuses) in the medieval world was the preserve of a specialised, gifted few.">

Indian mathematician & astronomer Aryabhata explained that using just ten symbols,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">any number can be written

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">any computation can be solved

He taught us how to write forty, four hundred & four thousands using zeroes in right places in simpler terms.

@Aabhas24

Indian mathematician & astronomer Aryabhata explained that using just ten symbols,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

any number can be written https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">any computation can be solved He taught us how to write forty, four hundred & four thousands using zeroes in right places in simpler terms. @Aabhas24" title="Indian mathematician & astronomer Aryabhata explained that using just ten symbols,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">any number can be written https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">any computation can be solved He taught us how to write forty, four hundred & four thousands using zeroes in right places in simpler terms. @Aabhas24" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

Otherwise we could still be using difficult & awkward notation of Roman numerals, e.g.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">XXXX for 40 (XL)

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">CCCC for 400 (CD)

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">MMMM for 4000 (impossible)

No doubt why competent mathematicians were believed to have almost supernatural powers.

Otherwise we could still be using difficult & awkward notation of Roman numerals, e.g. https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

XXXX for 40 (XL)https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">CCCC for 400 (CD)https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">MMMM for 4000 (impossible)No doubt why competent mathematicians were believed to have almost supernatural powers." title="Otherwise we could still be using difficult & awkward notation of Roman numerals, e.g. https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">XXXX for 40 (XL)https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">CCCC for 400 (CD)https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">MMMM for 4000 (impossible)No doubt why competent mathematicians were believed to have almost supernatural powers.">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Aryabhata gave concept of ‘zero’ & used a place-value system in his calculation

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Brahmagupta was the first to give rules to compute with zero & negative numbers

These two Indian mathematicians had changed the way mathematics would be handled going forward.

@mariawirth1

Aryabhata gave concept of ‘zero’ & used a place-value system in his calculationhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Brahmagupta was the first to give rules to compute with zero & negative numbersThese two Indian mathematicians had changed the way mathematics would be handled going forward. @mariawirth1" title="https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Aryabhata gave concept of ‘zero’ & used a place-value system in his calculationhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Brahmagupta was the first to give rules to compute with zero & negative numbersThese two Indian mathematicians had changed the way mathematics would be handled going forward. @mariawirth1">

Though not everyone was happy to covert to Indian number system

Catholic Church

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⛪️" title="Church" aria-label="Emoji: Church">denounced new maths as a heresy (misplaced loyalty to Roman numerals & abacuses)

But they could only watch in envy when superior thought process took over & its advantages could no longer be denied

Though not everyone was happy to covert to Indian number systemCatholic Churchhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

denounced new maths as a heresy (misplaced loyalty to Roman numerals & abacuses)But they could only watch in envy when superior thought process took over & its advantages could no longer be denied" title="Though not everyone was happy to covert to Indian number systemCatholic Churchhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="⛪️" title="Church" aria-label="Emoji: Church">denounced new maths as a heresy (misplaced loyalty to Roman numerals & abacuses)But they could only watch in envy when superior thought process took over & its advantages could no longer be denied" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

2. Cotton & Fast Dyes

5000 years ago, the people of the Indus valley were already accomplished textile workers.

The earliest references to Indian cotton are found in the Rig-Veda.

@RatanSharda55
@AhmAsmiYodha

The classical writer Herodotus wrote about Indian cotton:

"In India, there are trees which grow wild there, the fruit whereof is a wool exceeding in beauty and goodness that of sheep. The natives make their clothes of this tree-wool".

The Indian cotton workers were so skillful that – while British were lumbering around Britain dressed in itchy wool, heavy furs and stiff leathers – the Indians were floating about in light-as-air garments made from cotton.

The Indian cotton was greatly admired throughout the ancient world.

The Romans, in particular, could not get enough of it – they tried to make it themselves but failed, and so were forced to spend a great deal of money importing the precious stuff.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">By the mid-eighteenth century, India had clothed

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👔" title="Necktie" aria-label="Emoji: Necktie">

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👗" title="Dress" aria-label="Emoji: Dress">most of the globe

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Its cotton fabric was lightweight, washable and available in a cheerful range of colours

By the mid-eighteenth century, India had clothed https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👔" title="Necktie" aria-label="Emoji: Necktie">https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👗" title="Dress" aria-label="Emoji: Dress">most of the globehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Its cotton fabric was lightweight, washable and available in a cheerful range of colours" title="https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">By the mid-eighteenth century, India had clothed https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👔" title="Necktie" aria-label="Emoji: Necktie">https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👗" title="Dress" aria-label="Emoji: Dress">most of the globehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Its cotton fabric was lightweight, washable and available in a cheerful range of colours" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

3. Chess
Chess is a gentle, scholarly game enjoyed by school children and bespectacled academics, but it is also a game of confrontation, strategy and military tactics.

No board game rouses the passions more than chess.

The Indians were keen on board games.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">provided world’s oldest sets of dice

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">developed the game of snakes & ladders (reflects the idea of karma – that every action, good or bad, has a consequence in this or the next life)

The Indians were keen on board games. https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

provided world’s oldest sets of dicehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">developed the game of snakes & ladders (reflects the idea of karma – that every action, good or bad, has a consequence in this or the next life)" title="The Indians were keen on board games. https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">provided world’s oldest sets of dicehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">developed the game of snakes & ladders (reflects the idea of karma – that every action, good or bad, has a consequence in this or the next life)" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

1000s of years ago Indians were playing a war-game ‘Chaturanga’ (board of 64 squares like chessboard). From it, the game of Shatranj developed.

Experts have divided opinion - whether chess was developed in India or China, but the oldest written evidence support Indian origin.

4. Crucible Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron with a small % of carbon.

Crucible steel is, as its name suggests, a method of making steel by heating the iron in a crucible.

The Indians developed crucible steel before 2000 yrs ago & started exporting it to the rest of the world.

Indian crucible steel revolutionised the way weapons, surgical instruments & machines were made during those days.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index"> While the women of the late Roman Empire reveled in the comfort of lightweight Indian cotton, their menfolk appreciated the hard edge of their Indian steel weapons

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index"> Widely respected, Indian steel could slice through a man with a single stroke, or cut a piece of silk in two

While the women of the late Roman Empire reveled in the comfort of lightweight Indian cotton, their menfolk appreciated the hard edge of their Indian steel weaponshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index"> Widely respected, Indian steel could slice through a man with a single stroke, or cut a piece of silk in two" title="https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index"> While the women of the late Roman Empire reveled in the comfort of lightweight Indian cotton, their menfolk appreciated the hard edge of their Indian steel weaponshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index"> Widely respected, Indian steel could slice through a man with a single stroke, or cut a piece of silk in two" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Indian crucible steel was widely known as & #39;wootz& #39; or ‘Hindvi steel’ (derived from & #39;hookoo& #39;, steel in southern Indian langs).

Europeans repeatedly tried to make wootz, but failed – until 1740, when Benjamin Huntsman, a clock maker developed an entirely new crucible process.

Indian crucible steel was widely known as & #39;wootz& #39; or ‘Hindvi steel’ (derived from & #39;hookoo& #39;, steel in southern Indian langs). Europeans repeatedly tried to make wootz, but failed – until 1740, when Benjamin Huntsman, a clock maker developed an entirely new crucible process." title="https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Indian crucible steel was widely known as & #39;wootz& #39; or ‘Hindvi steel’ (derived from & #39;hookoo& #39;, steel in southern Indian langs). Europeans repeatedly tried to make wootz, but failed – until 1740, when Benjamin Huntsman, a clock maker developed an entirely new crucible process.">

5. Plastic Surgery

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛠️" title="Hammer and wrench" aria-label="Emoji: Hammer and wrench">One of the many uses to which the Indians put their fine steel was making sharp surgical knives

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛠️" title="Hammer and wrench" aria-label="Emoji: Hammer and wrench">They excelled both at the manufacture of surgical instruments and at surgery itself, and their medical knowledge was equal to the most in the ancient world

5. Plastic Surgeryhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

One of the many uses to which the Indians put their fine steel was making sharp surgical kniveshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛠️" title="Hammer and wrench" aria-label="Emoji: Hammer and wrench">They excelled both at the manufacture of surgical instruments and at surgery itself, and their medical knowledge was equal to the most in the ancient world" title="5. Plastic Surgeryhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛠️" title="Hammer and wrench" aria-label="Emoji: Hammer and wrench">One of the many uses to which the Indians put their fine steel was making sharp surgical kniveshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛠️" title="Hammer and wrench" aria-label="Emoji: Hammer and wrench">They excelled both at the manufacture of surgical instruments and at surgery itself, and their medical knowledge was equal to the most in the ancient world">

You may have thought that plastic surgery was a recent, American invention, somehow connected with the film industry

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤭" title="Face with hand over mouth" aria-label="Emoji: Face with hand over mouth">

Think again!

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤔" title="Thinking face" aria-label="Emoji: Thinking face">

The Indians were performing complex cosmetic surgery thousands of years before Columbus sailed west.

You may have thought that plastic surgery was a recent, American invention, somehow connected with the film industry https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

Think again!https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤔" title="Thinking face" aria-label="Emoji: Thinking face">The Indians were performing complex cosmetic surgery thousands of years before Columbus sailed west." title="You may have thought that plastic surgery was a recent, American invention, somehow connected with the film industry https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤭" title="Face with hand over mouth" aria-label="Emoji: Face with hand over mouth">Think again!https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤔" title="Thinking face" aria-label="Emoji: Thinking face">The Indians were performing complex cosmetic surgery thousands of years before Columbus sailed west." class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

Sushruta, a pupil of famous surgeon-king Devadas, specialised in Rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction). Noses were frequently lopped off in,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">accidents

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">battles

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">punishment for criminals

Sushruta had a high success rate in reconstructing them using flaps of skin taken from cheek!

Sushruta, a pupil of famous surgeon-king Devadas, specialised in Rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction). Noses were frequently lopped off in,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

accidentshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">battleshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">punishment for criminalsSushruta had a high success rate in reconstructing them using flaps of skin taken from cheek!" title="Sushruta, a pupil of famous surgeon-king Devadas, specialised in Rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction). Noses were frequently lopped off in,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">accidentshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">battleshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🤥" title="Lying face" aria-label="Emoji: Lying face">punishment for criminalsSushruta had a high success rate in reconstructing them using flaps of skin taken from cheek!" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

He wrote the "Sushruta Samhita", a medical textbook that provided details of,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">surgical tools (>120 medical instruments)

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">over a thousand illnesses & injuries

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">a long list of surgical procedures

He wrote the "Sushruta Samhita", a medical textbook that provided details of,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

Two centuries later, Vaghbat wrote an expanded plastic surgery manual, "Ashtanga Hridyans Samhita", in which he included details of,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">skin-grafting

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">organ transplants

It is not until the 17th century, that the West and British surgeons learned the art of rhinoplasty.

Two centuries later, Vaghbat wrote an expanded plastic surgery manual, "Ashtanga Hridyans Samhita", in which he included details of,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

skin-grafting https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">organ transplantsIt is not until the 17th century, that the West and British surgeons learned the art of rhinoplasty." title="Two centuries later, Vaghbat wrote an expanded plastic surgery manual, "Ashtanga Hridyans Samhita", in which he included details of,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">skin-grafting https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">organ transplantsIt is not until the 17th century, that the West and British surgeons learned the art of rhinoplasty." class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

Europeans had tried for centuries to graft skin from healthy parts of the body to repair damaged areas, needless to say, none of that worked.

During 19th century, they started to study the ancient Sanskrit texts to understand Indian methods of nose & face restoration.

Q: What made the Indians such good healers?

A: They had a long held belief that science & religion are deeply linked & there exist a strong connection between the mind & the body.

The Rigveda outlined these principles of holistic approach to spiritual & physical well-being.

This philosophy was passed down in the form of Ayurveda.

Ayu = life
&
Veda = knowledge

Ayurveda is a comprehensive & intricate system of medicine that encourages mankind to deal with the diseased person as a whole, rather than dealing only with disease.

3 types of Dosha (दोष) in our body:

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Vata (wind) – earth & air elements. It governs the principle of movement

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Pitta (bile) – fire & water elements. It is the process of transformation (metabolism)

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">Kapha (phlegm) – water & earth elements; responsible for growth & protection

3 types of Dosha (दोष) in our body:https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

In a healthy body doshas are in harmony. When excess doshas accumulate,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">throw body out of balance

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">immune system is disturbed

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">illness follows

An Ayurvedic practitioner will suggest supplements and nutritional & lifestyle changes to correct the imbalance to restore health.

In a healthy body doshas are in harmony. When excess doshas accumulate, https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

throw body out of balancehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">immune system is disturbed https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">illness followsAn Ayurvedic practitioner will suggest supplements and nutritional & lifestyle changes to correct the imbalance to restore health." title="In a healthy body doshas are in harmony. When excess doshas accumulate, https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">throw body out of balancehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">immune system is disturbed https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">illness followsAn Ayurvedic practitioner will suggest supplements and nutritional & lifestyle changes to correct the imbalance to restore health.">

6. Perpetual Motion

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🎡" title="Ferris wheel" aria-label="Emoji: Ferris wheel">motion that sustains without any external energy source

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🎡" title="Ferris wheel" aria-label="Emoji: Ferris wheel">something like a limitless source of free power

This has never been achieved & never will be. But This concept/imagination has fascinated inventors for hundreds of years.

6. Perpetual Motionhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

motion that sustains without any external energy sourcehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🎡" title="Ferris wheel" aria-label="Emoji: Ferris wheel">something like a limitless source of free powerThis has never been achieved & never will be. But This concept/imagination has fascinated inventors for hundreds of years." title="6. Perpetual Motionhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🎡" title="Ferris wheel" aria-label="Emoji: Ferris wheel">motion that sustains without any external energy sourcehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🎡" title="Ferris wheel" aria-label="Emoji: Ferris wheel">something like a limitless source of free powerThis has never been achieved & never will be. But This concept/imagination has fascinated inventors for hundreds of years." class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

Perpetual motion violates the first two laws of thermodynamics,

1.The energy of an isolated system is constant (in simple words, this means that you can’t create or destroy energy)

2.The entropy of an isolated system increases in the course of a spontaneous change (...)

#2 (cont.) In simple words, this means that energy disperses whenever it can – e.g. hot pan will cool down when it is taken off the stove because its thermal energy flows out and is lost in the cooler air.

The opposite never happens;

The knowledge that perpetual motion is an impossible dream has in no way stopped inventors throughout the world from attempting to create perpetual motion machine.

Q: So where did the idea of perpetual motion come from?
A: India, of course

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🇮🇳" title="Flag of India" aria-label="Emoji: Flag of India">

In ~AD 1150, the great mathematician Bhaskara, drawing on earlier scientific and astronomical work of the great thinker Brahmagupta, designed two wheels that he believed would turn forever.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">He described a wheel with tubes of mercury around its circumference.

In ~AD 1150, the great mathematician Bhaskara, drawing on earlier scientific and astronomical work of the great thinker Brahmagupta, designed two wheels that he believed would turn forever. https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

He described a wheel with tubes of mercury around its circumference." title="In ~AD 1150, the great mathematician Bhaskara, drawing on earlier scientific and astronomical work of the great thinker Brahmagupta, designed two wheels that he believed would turn forever. https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">He described a wheel with tubes of mercury around its circumference." class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">He hoped the sloshing mercury would create a continual imbalance that would sustain rotation.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="☸️" title="Wheel of dharma" aria-label="Emoji: Wheel of dharma">The first wheel had hollow spokes half filled with mercury.

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="☸️" title="Wheel of dharma" aria-label="Emoji: Wheel of dharma">The second wheel has a narrow channel in the rim, half filled with mercury and half filled with water.

The two wheels would not have turned in perpetuity. That hardly matters.

The stimulus provided by this idea sparked a huge amount of thinking about the nature of mechanical power

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🚂" title="Steam locomotive" aria-label="Emoji: Steam locomotive">

Scientists are ‘inventing’ perpetual motion machines for so long now that US patent office,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👊" title="Fisted hand" aria-label="Emoji: Fisted hand">demands a working model

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👊" title="Fisted hand" aria-label="Emoji: Fisted hand">issued a strict warning, inventors have to register their inventions at their own peril - under no circumstances registration fees will be refunded if it fails

Scientists are ‘inventing’ perpetual motion machines for so long now that US patent office,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

demands a working modelhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👊" title="Fisted hand" aria-label="Emoji: Fisted hand">issued a strict warning, inventors have to register their inventions at their own peril - under no circumstances registration fees will be refunded if it fails" title="Scientists are ‘inventing’ perpetual motion machines for so long now that US patent office,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👊" title="Fisted hand" aria-label="Emoji: Fisted hand">demands a working modelhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👊" title="Fisted hand" aria-label="Emoji: Fisted hand">issued a strict warning, inventors have to register their inventions at their own peril - under no circumstances registration fees will be refunded if it fails" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

7. Town Planning

Most ancient cities, Athens, Rome included, evolved without any sort of formal planning

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Untidy, dark & dirty

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Narrow, criss-cross streets

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Factories, slums, churches & palaces sat side by side

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Lack of sanitation, hygiene

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">No proper transport facilities

7. Town PlanningMost ancient cities, Athens, Rome included, evolved without any sort of formal planninghttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

Untidy, dark & dirtyhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Narrow, criss-cross streetshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Factories, slums, churches & palaces sat side by sidehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Lack of sanitation, hygiene https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">No proper transport facilities" title="7. Town PlanningMost ancient cities, Athens, Rome included, evolved without any sort of formal planninghttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Untidy, dark & dirtyhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Narrow, criss-cross streetshttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Factories, slums, churches & palaces sat side by sidehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">Lack of sanitation, hygiene https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👎" title="Thumbs down" aria-label="Emoji: Thumbs down">No proper transport facilities" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

In contract, the towns build by Harappans of the Indus Valley in ~2500 BC, had,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👏" title="Clapping hands sign" aria-label="Emoji: Clapping hands sign">Wide, flat main roads to allow wheeled transport

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👏" title="Clapping hands sign" aria-label="Emoji: Clapping hands sign">Sophisticated drainage system

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👏" title="Clapping hands sign" aria-label="Emoji: Clapping hands sign">Wells & canals to provide fresh water

Mohenjo-Daro which is one of the best known Indus Valley cities had,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Building with mud-bricks that have survived well to the present day

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏡" title="House with garden" aria-label="Emoji: House with garden">Was build in 2 section – a smaller citadel and a large ‘lower town’

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Lower town was home to 20K+ people - two storey houses & barracks

Mohenjo-Daro which is one of the best known Indus Valley cities had,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

Building with mud-bricks that have survived well to the present dayhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏡" title="House with garden" aria-label="Emoji: House with garden">Was build in 2 section – a smaller citadel and a large ‘lower town’https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Lower town was home to 20K+ people - two storey houses & barracks" title="Mohenjo-Daro which is one of the best known Indus Valley cities had,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Building with mud-bricks that have survived well to the present dayhttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏡" title="House with garden" aria-label="Emoji: House with garden">Was build in 2 section – a smaller citadel and a large ‘lower town’https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Lower town was home to 20K+ people - two storey houses & barracks" class="img-responsive" style="max-width:100%;"/>

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛣️" title="Motorway" aria-label="Emoji: Motorway">Main roads up to 10 metres wise laid out in a regular grid pattern

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🛣️" title="Motorway" aria-label="Emoji: Motorway">Secondary streets linked the housing to the main roads

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Houses had bathrooms and lavatories, linked by covered drains to an underground sewerage system

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="🏘️" title="House buildings" aria-label="Emoji: House buildings">Lower town has building to support business activities

These were just few examples from so many contributions of the Indian civilisation from the past.

Be it,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">science

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">architecture

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">metallurgy

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">maths

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">critical reasoning

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">medicine/surgery

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">weaponry

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">textile

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="👉" title="Right pointing backhand index" aria-label="Emoji: Right pointing backhand index">urban devlpmnt

Everywhere we achieve pinnacle of human progress!

These were just few examples from so many contributions of the Indian civilisation from the past.Be it,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

The whole credit behind these innovations goes to,

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="✍️" title="Writing hand" aria-label="Emoji: Writing hand">the scientific temperament that is nurtured in Sanatan Dharma/culture

https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="✍️" title="Writing hand" aria-label="Emoji: Writing hand">Indigenous education system/Gurukuls

Appetite for knowledge & env promotes real learning is a must for reclaiming our past glory.

Up for the challenge?

The whole credit behind these innovations goes to,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable=

the scientific temperament that is nurtured in Sanatan Dharma/culturehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="✍️" title="Writing hand" aria-label="Emoji: Writing hand">Indigenous education system/GurukulsAppetite for knowledge & env promotes real learning is a must for reclaiming our past glory. Up for the challenge?" title="The whole credit behind these innovations goes to,https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="✍️" title="Writing hand" aria-label="Emoji: Writing hand">the scientific temperament that is nurtured in Sanatan Dharma/culturehttps://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/... draggable="false" alt="✍️" title="Writing hand" aria-label="Emoji: Writing hand">Indigenous education system/GurukulsAppetite for knowledge & env promotes real learning is a must for reclaiming our past glory. Up for the challenge?">

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