Don& #39;t be misled: "The total area of the human adult gut mucosa is not in the order of tennis lawn, rather is that of half a badminton court."
(Reason for sharing: total mucosal surface of the GI tract ∼32 m2, of which only 2 m2 is the large intestine.) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/00365521.2014.898326">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/...
In line with area size and physiological differences, the small intestinal microbiota is distinct from that of the colon, not to mention fecal. What’s even more different is its reaction to dietary changes. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44994-7">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
One of the many great references with a very telling title:

The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej2011212">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
ā€œa low fiber, high simple sugar diet triggered FGID-related symptoms and decreased small intestinal microbial diversity while increasing small intestinal permeability.ā€
SIBO is just a special case of dysbiosis, therefore lack of it means almost nothing. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09964-7">https://www.nature.com/articles/...
Increased permeability means increasing small intestinal inflammation. Look at the correlations between the most effective T2D remitting bariatric surgery procedures and changes in inflammatory markers & insulinemia. https://twitter.com/gerdosi/status/1158658068567220224?s=21">https://twitter.com/gerdosi/s...
This study measured intestinal NLRP6 activation before and after RYGB in rats. It was lower before and increased after, together with taurine. I’m wondering whether it has a connection to IL-23 and IL-17 (as seen above). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11695-019-04152-4">https://link.springer.com/article/1...
So excess protein putrefies in the colon. What’s more, if it’s milk protein it causes inflammation. No and nope. Look what happens in the small intestines! What a difference it makes when important parameters are measured in the right place. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955286314002058">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a...
Uh-oh. Looks like these rats are severely starved of fiber. @KetoCarnivore Link in the above post.
Chronic alcohol intake causes small intestinal dysbiosis with high LPS producers, increased serum LPS and subsequent immune activation. There’s little difference between alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease. Lactobacillus granule fixes the problem.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jmf.2018.4357">https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/1...
Targeting Gram-negative bacteria with specific antibiotics "modulated the gut microbiota, and reduced serum LPS and triglycerides, which prevented the progression of IR and inflammation"
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/RA/C8RA03774D#!divAbstract">https://pubs.rsc.org/en/conten...
ā€œThe small bowel microbiome is markedly different from that in stool and also varies between segments. These findings may be important in determining how compositional changes in small intestinal microbiota contribute to human disease states.ā€ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-020-06173-x">https://link.springer.com/article/1...
ā€œresearchers have discovered that a certain species of bacteria behaves differently depending on where in the gut it takes up residence.ā€
I think that ALL strains behave differently at mucosal surfaces then in the lumen. 90 % of this surface is in the SI…
https://twitter.com/caltech/status/1237500207581073410?s=21">https://twitter.com/caltech/s... https://twitter.com/Caltech/status/1237500207581073410">https://twitter.com/Caltech/s...
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